Inflammatory diseases of the urinary system. Inflammation of the genitourinary system in women and men Nonspecific inflammatory diseases of the genitourinary organs

One of the most common reasons for visiting a doctor is urinary tract infections in women. The fair sex is more likely to face this problem due to the anatomical features of the body. The urinary canal is located in close proximity to the vagina and anus. This contributes to the rapid movement of pathogenic organisms in the genitourinary system.

What are infections?

Infection is an infection with a pathogenic microorganism that negatively affects a specific organ system, in this case the genitourinary system. In the absence of diagnosis and timely therapy, the infection causes inflammatory complications. Ignoring the disease leads to a transition to a chronic course, which negatively affects all areas of human life. Inflammation of the urinary tract can have unpleasant complications for women.

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Causes and types

Inflammatory processes occur as a result of the entry or active reproduction of pathogens in one or more organs.

The cause and route of infection are very different. Unlike sexually transmitted diseases, urinary tract infections can occur as a result of reduced immunity, or organ injury. The most common factors are:

• neglect of personal hygiene;
• unprotected sex;
• reduced immunity;
• hypothermia;
• stress;
• pathogen transfer from other infected organs;

Diseases of the genitourinary system are characterized by the presence of infection in one or more of its organs. Depending on the concentration of pathogenic microorganisms, they are divided into: infections of the upper urinary tract and infections of the lower urinary tract. They cause such diseases:

• glomerulonephritis;
• pyelonephritis;
• cystitis;
• adnexitis;
• salpingitis;
• endometritis;
• epididymitis;
• urethritis;

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pathogens

There are many microorganisms that can cause diseases of the genitourinary tract. They are differentiated as: pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic. The first become the cause of the disease when it enters one or another organ. Opportunistic pathogens can be part of the normal flora of a woman, but under a certain set of circumstances (trauma, decreased immunity), they multiply and cause an infectious-inflammatory process. Medicine distinguishes the following types of pathogens:

• ureoplasma;
• mycoplasma;
• pale treponema;
• fungal microorganisms;
• chlamydia;
• intestinal and Pseudomonas aeruginosa;
• trichomonas;
• listeria;
• klebsiella;
• Proteus;
• cocci;

Sometimes the inflammatory process occurs against the background of another disease, for example, in the context of herpes, papillomavirus and cytomegalovirus. Most of the above pathogenic organisms can migrate in the human body along with the blood and cause diseases of various organs and systems. The risk of getting infected increases when a woman begins to live sexually, since almost all infections are sexually transmitted.

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Symptoms of urinary tract infections in women

Diseases of the genitourinary system in women have extensive symptoms. Some infections present with specific symptoms and signs, while others are asymptomatic. There are also hidden infections, they are characterized by a complete absence of symptoms. Often, the patient finds out about the presence of a latent infection by chance, having passed a general urine test during pregnancy or before surgery. Symptoms of the disease include:

• unusual vaginal discharge;
• discharge from the urethra;
• the process of urination is accompanied by burning, pain;
• discomfort during intercourse;
• itching of the genitals;
• swelling of the external genitalia and anus;
• lower abdominal pain;
• lumbar pain;
• the appearance of formations on the genitals;
• impurities of blood and pus in the urine;
• elevated temperature.

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How are women's infections different from men's?

Medicine divides infections into “male” and “female” according to the specifics of the course of diseases, but the causative agents of inflammatory processes are the same in both sexes.

Due to the differences in the structure of the male and female urinary organs, the disease is localized in different places. Exclusively "male" diseases are: balanoposthitis (inflammatory process of the head of the penis and its foreskin), prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate gland), vesiculitis (inflammatory process of the seminal vesicles) and balanitis (inflammation of the head). The symptoms of some diseases are also different. This is due to the natural anatomy, lifestyle and culture of human nutrition. However, differences in the course of the disease does not indicate different pathogens.

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General signs

The infectious disease has common features in both sexes. As a rule, patients feel discomfort when urinating. The inflamed mucous tissue of the urethra reacts with a burning sensation to the ingress of urine. Uncharacteristic discharge from the urethra is also characteristic, both in men and women. Pyelonephritis, manifested by lumbar pain. Sometimes, with an infectious disease, the temperature rises. The appearance of neoplasms on the skin, or on the external genital organs, can also serve as the onset of the disease, regardless of gender.

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Differences in the course of some diseases

Statistically, inflammation of the genitourinary system occurs more frequently in women than in men. The fact is that the female urethra is only 4-5 cm long, while the length of the male is 11-16 cm. Infections that enter the body of a woman rise faster and affect the bladder and kidneys. However, it is precisely due to the relatively long urethra that inflammation of the ureter in men is more acute and takes much longer to heal. In women, the course of this disease is less noticeable, so it often becomes chronic. Also, the fair sex is more likely to have latent genitourinary infections. Due to the absence of symptoms, women are more likely to carry pathogens than men.

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Diagnosis of diseases of the genitourinary system

The topic of infections of the urogenital tract is well studied and, as a rule, a specialist does not have problems with their detection. As a rule, the doctor collects information about the symptoms and conducts an examination. Further, appoints a number of clinical and laboratory studies. Standard analyzes include:

• general clinical blood and urine tests;
• radioimmunoassay;
• bacteriological culture;
• immunofluorescence reaction;
• test provocation;
• computer research;

Special tests are also prescribed to determine the sensitivity of bacteria to certain antibiotics. The results obtained give a complete picture of the type of pathogen, the stage of development of the disease, its impact on other organs and systems of the human body. After establishing an accurate diagnosis, the doctor develops a treatment regimen.

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Methods of treatment

In the treatment of diseases of the urinary system, a complex scheme is prescribed, which consists of drug treatment, dietary nutrition and a certain drinking regimen. Early diagnosis of infectious diseases, elimination of the cause and implementation of preventive measures help to quickly cure the disease with minimal consequences for the body.

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General principles

Treatment of the genitourinary system is aimed at the destruction of infectious pathogens, the removal of inflammatory processes, the restoration of a healthy flora of the organ and the prevention of disease in the future. Correct therapy is developed only by the doctor and the task of the patient is to strictly follow it. Proper treatment of diseases of the genitourinary system helps to prevent their occurrence in the future.

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Antibiotics

The main drugs used for infections are antibiotic drugs. The necessary tablets are selected based on the sensitivity of the pathogenic microorganism to a particular type of antibiotic.

The medicine is taken in a course, the duration of which is determined by the doctor, depending on the degree of development of the disease. It is extremely important to completely drink the required amount of the drug. Even if all manifestations of the disease have passed, this does not mean that the patient has got rid of all pathogens. When antibiotic treatment is interrupted, pathogenic microorganisms may develop resistance to the drug and repeated treatment will not bring results. Traditionally, inflammation of the urinary tract is treated with antibiotics such as:

• Ampicillin;
• Amoxiclav;
• Amoxicillin;
• Cephalexin;
• Biseptol;
• Ceftriaxone;

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Pain Remedies

Diseases of the urinary system are accompanied by pain, which significantly affects the quality of life of the patient. In order to relieve or relieve pain, antispasmodics and painkillers are used. Among the most common: "No-shpa", "Drotaverin", "Baralgin" and "Pentalgin". It should be noted that these drugs relieve pain symptoms, but do not treat the root cause of the disease.

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Other drugs

In combination with antibiotics, antiseptics, immunomodulators and vitamins are used. Antiseptics, such as iodine, chlorhexidine and a solution of potassium permanganate, are applied topically for external damage to the external genitalia and mucosal tissues. A very important role in the treatment is played by supporting and strengthening drugs. Antibiotics, in addition to pathogens, also destroy beneficial bacteria, which disrupts the flora of the body, which, as a result, causes fungal infections and upset the digestive system.

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Treatment with folk remedies

With pathologies, treatment with folk remedies is possible. It is worth treating infectious diseases with herbs carefully and after consulting a doctor. As a rule, herbs that have a diuretic effect are used, with their help, pathogenic organisms will quickly exit through the urinary tract. Among them are lingonberries, rose hips, cranberries and chicory. Herbs such as chamomile and horsetail have soothing and antiseptic properties. The herb lungwort has tannic properties, and treats inflammation of the mucous tissues of the bladder and other organs.

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Diet for diseases of the genitourinary system

The genitourinary system responds positively to the observance of a certain nutritional system in parallel with the main therapy.

The patient is advised to limit the use of spicy dishes, pickles and smoked meats. An excess of spices irritates the inflamed mucosa and prevents the complete release of fluid from the body. It is also recommended to drink at least 2 liters of water, this will stimulate the work of the kidneys and help to ensure that the genitourinary infection comes out.

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Possible Complications

A urinary tract infection is fraught with unpleasant consequences. The most common is the transition of diseases to chronic forms. Untreated ailments lead to impaired reproductive function, intimate sphere, pregnancy pathologies, kidney failure, and in severe cases, death. The decision not to treat an infectious disease is irresponsible in relation to the sexual partner. After all, almost any urinary tract infection is transmitted during sexual intercourse.

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Preventive actions

Prevention of diseases of the urinary system includes a number of simple rules and measures:

• active lifestyle;
• proper nutrition;
• taking vitamins;
• timely completion of scheduled medical examinations;
• rejection of uncomfortable synthetic underwear;
• condom use;

A very important factor in prevention is the appeal to a qualified specialist when the first symptoms of the disease occur. Reporting the disorder and treating it early gives the most favorable outcome and reduces the risk of recurrence later on. Compliance with these simple principles will help prevent diseases of the genitourinary tract.

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Urinary system of women

If we talk about how the urinary system of a woman is arranged, then it practically does not differ from the male, the main difference is the length and function of the urethra. If the length of the female urethra is only 3-5 cm, then in men in a calm state the length of the urethra can be 20-23 cm. The purpose of the female urethra is to remove urine from the body, and the male also ejects sperm. All this leads to the fact that inflammation of the genitourinary system in women is more common.

Urine is collected first in the kidneys, which pass about 200 liters of blood per day, while it is cleansed of toxins and toxins. After such filtration, 1.5-2 liters of urine is formed. It accumulates in the renal pelvis, then it enters the bladder through the ureter and is excreted from the body through the urethra.

If we talk about the reproductive system, then it has both external and internal genital organs. Inside the small pelvis is the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries.

Infections of the genitourinary system in women are the main causes that cause inflammatory diseases. These pathologies can be both gynecological and urological and are quite dangerous for the female body. Inflammation of the genitourinary system can lead not only to violations of the process of urination and menstrual irregularities, they can also provoke the development of an ectopic pregnancy, and often the development of infertility.

Diseases of the genitourinary system

If a woman did not notice the symptoms of the development of the inflammatory process in time and did not completely cure the acute form of the disease, it can turn into a chronic form, which will worsen from time to time and bring problems and discomfort to the woman.

Diseases of the genitourinary system, which are inflammatory in nature, are caused by pathogens of the following pathologies:

• gonorrhea, syphilis or trichomoniasis;
• chlamydia, mycoplasmosis;
• tuberculosis and herpes;
• thrush.

In addition to the cases described, an inflammatory process can also be provoked by conditionally pathogenic microbes, for example, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, and others.

Which disease a woman begins to develop depends largely on where exactly these uninvited guests “settle”.

If they enter the vagina, then inflammation of its mucous membrane develops. This disease is called vaginitis. In the event that microbes settle in the urethra, urethritis develops.

With the development of an inflammatory process in the bladder, a disease called cystitis develops. Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the uterus is called endometritis, and if the infection is in the appendages, then adnexitis develops. Pyelonephritis is an inflammation of the renal pelvis.

Symptoms of inflammatory processes

Symptoms of inflammation that occur in the female genitourinary system may vary. The organs of the female reproductive and urinary systems are located close and interact with each other. If the inflammation began in one place, it spreads very quickly to the organs that are located nearby.

Most often, women suffer from cystitis, as their urethra is short and located near the anus and vagina, which allows germs to easily enter the bladder.

A woman can bring the infection into the urethra, and then into the bladder, if she does not follow the rules of personal hygiene. This can also happen during intercourse or as a result of an injury to the vulva.

Symptoms of urethritis are much less common, cystitis develops more often, since the urethra is very short. Even if the infection has got into it, then it is washed out from there with a powerful stream of urine.

The main symptoms of cystitis: during urination, a woman has a strong burning sensation and pain, often the urge to urinate is false, just a few drops of urine come out, a feeling of heaviness and discomfort appears in the suprapubic part. In addition, the symptoms of cystitis can be in the form of an increase in body temperature, a general deterioration in health.

If you do not start treating cystitis in time, inflammation can develop and pyelonephritis will begin. In addition to the symptoms already described, a woman develops pain in the lower back and lateral sections of the abdomen, often nausea, which ends in vomiting.

If the inflamed organs of the urinary system are not treated, it is more likely that the inflammation will spread to the organs of the reproductive system, as a result of which a disease such as endometritis or vaginitis, adnexitis may develop.

The initial task of the attending physician is to determine the causative agent of the disease, for this a urinalysis is performed, a swab is taken from the vagina and urethra, and bakposev is prescribed.

As an additional diagnostic method, an examination of the bladder can be performed using a special probe. An ultrasound examination, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are performed, and an X-ray examination can also be prescribed.

To identify diseases of the genitourinary system, there are many diagnostic methods that allow you to correctly diagnose, after which the doctor determines an effective treatment regimen.

Treatment Methods

Treatment of the genitourinary system involves drugs that fight infection, that is, antibiotics. You cannot prescribe such drugs on your own, they must be prescribed by a doctor, and he also determines the time of treatment. It is impossible to stop the course of treatment earlier, even if it seems that you are already completely healthy.

If you take antibiotics incorrectly or finish taking them before the specified time, you can only harm the body. Pathogenic microbes in this case are not completely destroyed, they develop resistance to the antibiotic used, and the next time it will be ineffective, and the disease can become chronic.

Together with antibiotics, the doctor may prescribe medications that increase immunity, relieve inflammation, certain vitamins and trace elements can be prescribed.

In addition to drug treatment, you will also have to follow a diet, you will have to limit yourself to taking spicy food, you need to drink at least 2 liters of water per day. As an auxiliary treatment, traditional medicine can also be used, but everything must first be agreed with the attending physician.

Preventive actions

Even in the case when the treatment is carried out correctly and effectively, if certain rules are not followed, there is a high probability of a relapse of the disease.

Hypothermia of the body should not be allowed, underwear should not only be comfortable and not squeeze the genitals, but also made of natural materials, it is better to refuse synthetic underwear.

When using sanitary napkins, the time limits specified by the manufacturer must not be exceeded. Be sure to observe personal hygiene, it is best to wash the genitals after each visit to the toilet, if this is not always possible, then this must be done in the morning and evening. Urinate before and after intercourse to prevent the spread of infection.

Do not allow injury to organs that are part of the genitourinary system. In order to avoid stagnation of blood in the small pelvis, one must be active, exercise moderately, walk more. If you notice the first signs of the development of these diseases, you should immediately consult a doctor. The sooner this is done, the faster, easier and more effective treatment is.

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What are urinary infections?

Infectious diseases are understood as pathologies that are caused by certain microorganisms and proceed with the development of an inflammatory reaction, which can result in a complete recovery or a chronic process, when periods of relative well-being alternate with exacerbations.

What diseases are among them?

Often, patients and some healthcare professionals equate genitourinary infections and diseases. However, such representations do not quite accurately reflect the essence of each term. The World Health Organization recommends referring specific clinical nosologies to genitourinary infections, in which an organ of the reproductive or urinary system is affected. Moreover, pathogens can be different. And sexually transmitted diseases include a group that has an appropriate distribution path, but can affect many organs, and the division of infections is determined according to the type of pathogen. Thus, we are talking about classifications according to different criteria. According to the recommendations of the World Health Organization, the following diseases are understood as genitourinary infections:

• urethritis (inflammation of the urethra);
• cystitis (inflammation of the bladder);
• pyelonephritis or glomerulonephritis (inflammation of the kidneys);
• adnexitis (inflammation of the ovaries);
• salpingitis (inflammation of the fallopian tubes);
• endometritis (inflammation of the uterine mucosa);
• balanitis (inflammation of the glans penis);
• balanoposthitis (inflammation of the head and foreskin of the penis);
• prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate);
• vesiculitis (inflammation of seminal vesicles);
• epididymitis (inflammation of the epididymis).

Thus, genitourinary infections concern exclusively the organs that make up these systems of the human body.

What pathogens cause urinary tract infections?

Genitourinary infections can be caused by a huge number of microorganisms, among which there are purely pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic. Pathogenic microbes always cause an infectious disease, and are never part of the normal human microflora. Conditionally pathogenic microorganisms are normally part of the microflora, but do not cause an infectious-inflammatory process. With the onset of any predisposing factors (falling immunity, severe somatic diseases, viral infection, trauma to the skin and mucous membranes, etc.), opportunistic microorganisms become pathogenic and lead to an infectious-inflammatory process.
Most often, genitourinary infections are caused by the following pathogens:

• gonococcus;
• mycoplasma;
• ureaplasma;
• chlamydia;
• trichomonas;
• pale treponema (syphilis);
• sticks (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa);
• fungi (candidiasis);
• klebsiella;
• listeria;
• coliform bacteria;
• Proteus;
• viruses (herpes, cytomegalovirus, papillomavirus, etc.).

To date, these microbes are the main factors in the development of genitourinary infections. At the same time, cocci, E. coli and fungi of the genus Candida are classified as conditionally pathogenic microorganisms, all the rest are pathogenic. All these microorganisms cause the development of an infectious-inflammatory process, but each has its own characteristics.

Classification of infections: specific and non-specific

The division of urinary tract infection into specific and non-specific is based on the type of inflammatory reaction, the development of which is provoked by the causative microorganism. So, a number of microbes form inflammation with distinctive features that are unique to this pathogen and this infection, so it is called specific. If the microorganism causes the usual inflammation without any specific symptoms and features of the course, then we are talking about a non-specific infection.

Specific infections of the genitourinary organs include those caused by the following microorganisms:
1. Gonorrhea.
2. Trichomoniasis.
3. Syphilis.
4. Mixed infection.

This means that, for example, urethritis caused by syphilis or gonorrhea is specific. Mixed infection is a combination of several pathogens of a specific infection with the formation of a severe inflammatory process.

Nonspecific infections of the urogenital area are caused by the following microorganisms:

• cocci (staphylococci, streptococci);
• sticks (Escherichia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa);
• viruses (eg herpes, cytomegalovirus, etc.);
• chlamydia;
• gardnerella;
• ureaplasma;
• fungi of the genus Candida.

These pathogens lead to the development of an inflammatory process, which is typical and does not have any features. Therefore, for example, adnexitis caused by chlamydia or staphylococci will be called non-specific.

Ways of infection

Today, three main groups of pathways have been identified in which infection with genitourinary infections is possible:
1. Dangerous sexual contact of any type (vaginal, oral, anal) without the use of barrier contraceptives (condom).
2. The ascent of the infection (the entry of microbes from the skin into the urethra or vagina, and the rise to the kidneys or ovaries) as a result of neglecting the rules of hygiene.
3. Transfer with blood and lymph flow from other organs in which there are various diseases of inflammatory origin (caries, pneumonia, influenza, colitis, enteritis, tonsillitis, etc.).
Many pathogenic microorganisms have an affinity for a particular organ, the inflammation of which they cause. Other microbes have an affinity for several organs, so they can form inflammation either in one, or in another, or in all at once. For example, angina is often caused by group B streptococcus, which has an affinity for the tissues of the kidneys and tonsils, that is, it can cause glomerulonephritis or tonsillitis. For what reasons this type of streptococcus settles in the tonsils or kidneys has not been clarified to date. However, having caused a sore throat, streptococcus can reach the kidneys with blood flow, and also provoke glomerulonephritis.

Differences in the course of genitourinary infections in men and women

Men and women have different genitals, which is understandable and known to everyone. The structure of the organs of the urinary system (bladder, urethra) also has significant differences and different surrounding tissues.

The urethra (urethra) of men is three to four times longer than the female. Due to the length of the male urethra, its inflammation (urethritis) is more difficult to treat and takes more time. Urethritis in women is cured faster and easier. But such a length of the urethra in men is a kind of barrier, protection against penetration genital infection to the upper urinary tract, such as the bladder and kidneys. The short and wide urethra of women does not pose a serious obstacle to the ascent of the infection, therefore, the fairer sex is more likely to develop complications of primary urethritis - cystitis, pyelonephritis, adnexitis and salpingitis.

That is why men mostly suffer from urethritis and prostatitis. Cystitis, pyelonephritis or glomerulonephritis are less common in men than in women, and the cause of these pathologies is more often structural features, diet, lifestyle, etc. Most often, inflammation of the glans penis or its foreskin, as well as cystitis and nonspecific urethritis , in addition to an infectious cause, may be associated with anal sex and ignoring the rules of personal hygiene.

Urethritis in men appears sharper and more acute than in women. Representatives of the stronger sex suffer from pain, pain and burning throughout the entire urethra when trying to urinate, as well as a feeling of heaviness in the perineum.

Due to the short urethra in women, the infection easily ascends to the bladder and kidneys. In addition, women are characterized by a milder and latent course of genitourinary infections, compared with men. Therefore, women often have a symptom of a latent genitourinary infection - bacteriuria (the presence of bacteria in the urine against the background of the absence of any symptoms and signs of the disease). Usually asymptomatic bacteriuria is not treated. The only exceptions are cases of preoperative preparation or pregnancy.

Due to the latent forms of the course of genitourinary infection, women are more likely than men to be carriers of diseases, often without knowing about their presence.

General signs

Consider the symptoms and features of the most common urinary tract infections. Any genitourinary infection is accompanied by the development of the following symptoms:

• soreness and discomfort in the organs of the genitourinary system;
• tingling sensation;
• the presence of discharge from the vagina in women, from the urethra - in men and women;
• various urination disorders (burning, itching, difficulty, increased frequency, etc.);
• the appearance of unusual structures on the external genitalia (raids, film, vesicles, papillomas, condylomas).

In the case of the development of a specific infection, the following signs are added to the above signs:
1. Purulent discharge from the urethra or vagina.
2. Frequent urination in gonorrhea or trichomoniasis.
3. Sore with dense edges and enlarged lymph nodes in syphilis.

If the infection is nonspecific, then the symptoms may be more subtle, less noticeable. A viral infection leads to the appearance of some unusual structures on the surface of the external genital organs - vesicles, sores, warts, etc.

Symptoms and features of the course of various urinary tract infections
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And now let's take a closer look at how this or that infection of the genitourinary system manifests itself, so that you can navigate and consult a doctor in time for qualified help.

Urethritis

This condition is an inflammation of the urethra. Urethritis develops acutely, and is manifested by the following unpleasant symptoms:

• burning and sharp severe pain during urination;
• feeling of incomplete emptying of the bladder;
• increased burning and pain towards the end of the urination process;
• a burning sensation is localized in women mainly in the area of ​​​​the end of the urethra (outside), and in men - along the entire length of the urethra;
• frequent urge to urinate after 15-20 minutes;
• the appearance of discharge from the urethra of a mucous or mucopurulent nature, which cause redness of the surface of the skin of the perineum or penis around the external opening of the urethra;
• the appearance of drops of blood at the end of the urination process;
• adhesion of the external opening of the urethra;
• pain during erection in men;
• the appearance of leukocytes in large numbers in the general analysis of urine;
• cloudy urine of the color of "meat slops".

Together with the listed specific symptoms of urethritis, general symptoms of an infectious disease can be observed - headaches, fatigue, weakness, sleep disturbance, etc.

Urethritis develops when a microorganism enters the lumen of the urethra as a result of sexual intercourse of any type (oral, vaginal or anal), the introduction of a microbe from the surface of the skin of the perineum, ignoring personal hygiene measures, or as a result of bringing bacteria with blood or lymph. The path of introducing an infectious agent with blood and lymph into the urethra is most often observed in the presence of chronic foci of infection in the body, for example, periodontitis or tonsillitis.

Urethritis can be acute, subacute and torpid. In the acute course of urethritis, all symptoms are strongly pronounced, the clinical picture is bright, the person experiences a significant deterioration in the quality of life. The subacute form of urethritis is characterized by mild symptoms, among which a slight burning sensation, tingling during urination and an itching sensation prevail. Other symptoms may be completely absent. The torpid form of urethritis is characterized by a periodic feeling of mild discomfort at the very beginning of the act of urination. Torpid and subacute forms of urethritis present certain difficulties for diagnosis. From the urethra, a pathogenic microbe can rise higher and cause cystitis or pyelonephritis.

After the onset, urethritis occurs with damage to the mucous membrane of the urethra, as a result of which the epithelium is reborn into a different form. If therapy is started on time, then urethritis can be completely cured. As a result, after healing or self-healing, the urethral mucosa is restored, but only partially. Unfortunately, some areas of the changed mucous membrane of the urethra will remain forever. If there is no cure for urethritis, then the process becomes chronic.

Chronic urethritis proceeds sluggishly, periods of relative calm and exacerbations alternate, the symptoms of which are the same as in acute urethritis. An exacerbation can have varying degrees of severity, and therefore, a different intensity of symptoms. Usually patients feel a slight burning and tingling in the urethra during urination, itching, a small amount of mucopurulent discharge and gluing of the external opening of the urethra, especially after a night's sleep. There may also be an increase in the frequency of going to the toilet.

Urethritis is most often caused by gonococci (gonorrheal), Escherichia coli, ureaplasma, or chlamydia.
More about urethritis

Cystitis

This disease is an inflammation of the bladder. Cystitis can develop as a result of exposure to a number of adverse factors:

• irregular flow of urine (congestion);
• urolithiasis disease;
• neoplasms in the bladder;
• hypothermia;
• food with a large amount of smoked, salty and spicy foods in the diet;
• alcohol intake;
• ignoring the rules of personal hygiene;
• the introduction of an infectious agent from other organs (for example, the kidneys or urethra).

Cystitis, like any other inflammatory process, can occur in acute or chronic form.

Acute cystitis is manifested by the following symptoms:

• frequent urination (after 10-15 minutes);
• small portions of excreted urine;
• cloudy urine;
• pain when urinating;
• pains of a different nature, located above the pubis, intensifying towards the end of urination.

The pain above the pubis can be dull, pulling, cutting or burning. Cystitis in women is most often caused by Escherichia coli (80% of all cystitis) or staphylococcus aureus (10-15% of all cystitis), which is part of the skin microflora. Less often, cystitis is caused by other microorganisms that can be brought in with blood or lymph flow, drift from the urethra or kidneys.

Usually, cystitis is acute and well treated. Therefore, the development of repeated cystitis some time after the primary attack is due to secondary infection. However, acute cystitis may not result in a complete cure, but in a chronic process.

Chronic cystitis occurs with alternating periods of well-being and periodic exacerbations, the symptoms of which are identical to those of the acute form of the disease.
More about cystitis

Pyelonephritis

This disease is an inflammation of the renal pelvis. The first manifestation of pyelonephritis often develops during pregnancy, when the kidney is compressed by the enlarging uterus. Also, during pregnancy, chronic pyelonephritis is almost always exacerbated. In addition to these reasons, pyelonephritis can be formed due to infection from the bladder, urethra, or from other organs (for example, with tonsillitis, influenza or pneumonia). Pyelonephritis can develop in both kidneys at the same time, or affect only one organ.

The first attack of pyelonephritis is usually acute, and is characterized by the presence of the following symptoms:

• temperature rise;
• soreness on the lateral surface of the waist and abdomen;
• feeling of pulling in the abdomen;
• urinalysis reveals leukocytes, bacteria, or casts.

As a result of adequate therapy, pyelonephritis is cured. If the inflammation has not been adequately treated, then the infection becomes chronic. Then the pathology mostly proceeds without pronounced symptoms, sometimes disturbing with exacerbations of lower back pain, fever and poor urinalysis.

Vaginitis

This disease is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the vagina. Most often, vaginitis is combined with inflammation of the vaginal vestibule. This symptom complex is called vulvovaginitis. Vaginitis can develop under the influence of many microbes - chlamydia, gonococci, Trichomonas, fungi, etc. However, vaginitis of any cause is characterized by the following symptoms:

• unusual vaginal discharge (increase in amount, change in color or smell);
• itching, feeling of irritation of the vagina;
• pressure and feeling of fullness of the vagina;
• pain during sexual contact;
• pain during urination;
• easy bleeding;
• redness and swelling of the vulva and vagina.

Let us consider in more detail how the nature of the discharge changes with vaginitis caused by different microbes:
1. Vaginitis caused by gonococcus causes a thick discharge that is purulent and yellow-white in color.
2. Trichomonas vaginitis is characterized by secretions of a foamy structure, painted in a greenish-yellow color.
3. Coccal vaginitis results in a yellow-white discharge.
4. Candida vaginitis is characterized by cheesy discharge, painted in a gray-white color.
5. Gardnerellosis imparts a rotten fish odor to vaginal discharge.

Acute vaginitis is characterized by a strong severity of symptoms, and chronic vaginitis is characterized by more blurred signs. The chronic form of the disease lasts for many years, recurring against the background of viral infections, hypothermia, alcohol intake, during menstruation or pregnancy.
More about vaginitis

Adnexitis

This disease is an inflammation of the ovaries in women, which can be acute or chronic. Acute adnexitis is characterized by the following symptoms:

• soreness in the lower abdomen;
• pain in the lumbar region;
• temperature rise;
• tense abdominal wall in the lower part;
• pressure on the abdomen is painful;
• sweating;
• headache;
• various urination disorders;
• violation of the menstrual cycle;
• pain during intercourse.

Chronic adnexitis occurs with alternating periods of remissions and exacerbations. During periods of exacerbation, the symptoms of chronic adnexitis are the same as in the acute process. Negative factors are similar: fatigue, stress, cooling, serious illness - all this leads to exacerbations of chronic adnexitis. The menstrual cycle changes markedly:

• the appearance of pain during menstruation;
• an increase in their number;
• an increase in the duration of bleeding;
• Rarely, menstruation is shortened and becomes scanty.

More about adnexitis

This disease is an inflammation of the fallopian tubes, which can be provoked by staphylococci, streptococci, Escherichia coli, Proteus, gonococci, Trichomonas, chlamydia and fungi. Usually salpingitis is the result of the action of several microbes at the same time.

Microbes in the fallopian tubes can be introduced from the vagina, appendix, sigmoid colon, or from other organs, with the blood or lymph flow. Acute salpingitis is manifested by the following symptoms:

• pain in the sacrum and lower abdomen;
• spread of pain in the rectum;
• rise in temperature;
• weakness;
• headache;
• urination disorders;
• an increase in the number of leukocytes in the blood.

The acute process gradually subsides, completely cured or becomes chronic. Chronic salpingitis is usually manifested by constant pain in the lower abdomen in the absence of other symptoms. With a relapse of the disease, all the symptoms of an acute process develop again.
More about salpingitis

Prostatitis

This disease is an inflammation of the male prostate gland. Prostatitis very often has a chronic course, and acute is quite rare. Men are concerned about discharge from the urethra that occurs during defecation or urination. There are also extremely unpleasant sensations that cannot be accurately described and characterized. They are associated with itching in the urethra, soreness of the perineum, scrotum, groin, pubis or sacrum. In the morning, patients note adhesion of the outer part of the urethra. Often, prostatitis leads to an increase in the number of urination at night.
More about prostatitis

This disease is characterized by inflammation of the seminal vesicles in men, which usually develops against the background of prostatitis or epididymitis. The clinic of vesiculitis is very modest: men complain of pain in the pelvis, discomfort and a feeling of fullness in the perineum, mild soreness in the groin, sacrum and testicles. Sometimes discomfort during urination is possible. Chronic vesiculitis disrupts sexual function - erectile weakness and early ejaculation occur. As a rule, vesiculitis is the result of a mixed infection.

Epididymitis

This disease is characterized by inflammation of the tissues of the epididymis. Epididymitis develops against the background of urethritis, prostatitis or vesiculitis. It can be acute, subacute and chronic. Pathology may be accompanied by the following clinical signs:

• redness of the skin of the scrotum;
• the scrotum on the affected side is hot to the touch;
• a tumor-like formation is palpated in the scrotum;
• violation of sexual function;
• deterioration in sperm quality.

More about epididymitis

Tests to detect urinary infection

To correctly diagnose a genitourinary infection, the doctor resorts to questioning, examination, palpation and listening, as well as instrumental and laboratory methods. During the questioning, the specialist finds out in detail all the patient's complaints, the duration of the symptoms, their characteristics, connection with any actions, etc. Then he examines the patient's urinary organs, noting all the characteristics. Further, the patient can be referred for ultrasound, cystoscopy, ureteroscopy, computed tomography, etc.

One of the most important diagnostic tools is laboratory tests. To detect a genitourinary infection, it is necessary to pass a general and special (Nechiporenko test, three-glass, etc.) urinalysis, a complete blood count, blood biochemistry and a smear of the discharge of the urethra, vagina or rectum. A smear can determine the type of pathogen in the case of gonorrhea, trichomoniasis or syphilis. If these tests are not enough to determine the causative agent of the infection, then resort to the following methods:

• Serological reactions (RSK, MRP, RPGA, etc.);
• enzyme immunoassay (ELISA);
• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR);
• Bacteriological seeding on the environment;
• radioimmunoassay;
• Immunofluorescence reaction;
• The test is a provocation.

These techniques allow you to identify the type of causative agent of the genitourinary infection, determine its sensitivity to antibiotics, on the basis of which the doctor will be able to prescribe an effective treatment.

Principles of treatment

Therapy of genitourinary infections has several aspects:
1. It is necessary to use etiotropic therapy (drugs that kill the microbe pathogen).
2. If possible, use immunostimulating drugs.
3. It is rational to combine and take a number of drugs (for example, painkillers) that reduce unpleasant symptoms that significantly reduce the quality of life.

The choice of a specific etiotropic drug (antibiotic, sulfanilamide, uroantiseptic) is determined by the type of microbe-causative agent and the characteristics of the pathological process: its severity, localization, extent of the lesion. In some complex cases of mixed infection, surgery will be required, during which the affected area is removed, since the microbes that caused the pathological process are very difficult to neutralize and stop the further spread of the infection. Depending on the severity of the urinary tract infection, drugs may be taken by mouth, intramuscularly, or intravenously.

In addition to systemic antibacterial agents, in the treatment of genitourinary infections, local antiseptic agents (potassium permanganate solution, chlorhexidine, iodine solution, etc.) are often used, which treat the affected surfaces of organs.

If there is a suspicion of a severe infection caused by several microorganisms, doctors prefer to administer intravenous strong antibiotics - Ampicillin, Ceftazidime, etc. If urethritis or cystitis occurs without complications, then it is quite enough to take a course of taking Bactrim or Augmentin tablets.

When a person is re-infected after a complete cure, the course of treatment is identical to the course for primary acute infection. But if we are talking about a chronic infection, then the course of treatment will be longer - at least 1.5 months, since a shorter period of taking medications does not completely remove the microbe and stop inflammation. Most often, re-infection is observed in women, therefore, representatives of the weaker sex are recommended to use antiseptic solutions (for example, chlorhexidine) after sexual contact for prevention. In men, as a rule, the causative agent of the infection remains in the prostate for quite a long time, so they are more likely to have relapses rather than re-infections.

Drugs that are often used to treat major genitourinary infections in men and women, and which have a good therapeutic effect, are presented in the table:

Healing Control

After a course of treatment for any infectious pathology of the genitourinary organs, it is necessary to make a control bacteriological culture of urine on the medium. In the case of chronic infection, seeding should be repeated three months after the end of the course of therapy.

www.tiensmed.ru

Infections of the genitourinary system in women are pathological effects caused by specific harmful microorganisms. Diseases of the urinary tract are characterized by inflammation, which is easy to cure in the initial stage, or if the signs are ignored, it becomes chronic. Which doctor treats diseases? The answer depends only on the scope of the genitourinary system and its stage. It can be a therapist, urologist, gynecologist, infectious disease specialist and even a surgeon.

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Department of Urology and Nephrology

METHODOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE LECTURE

According to the discipline "UROLOGY"

for students of the ІU course of the Faculty of Medicine

MODULE #1

Semantic module No. 2 " organs of the sechostate system. Urolithiasis disease»

Lecture No. 2 " Nonspecific and specific inflammatory diseasesorgans of the urinary and male reproductive system organs of the sechostate system »

The lecture was discussed at the methodical

Meeting of the department "" _______ 2011__r.

Protocol No. ____.

Head Department Kostev F.I.

Odessa - 2011

Lecture topic: "NON-SPECIFIC AND SPECIFIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES OF THE URINARY AND MALE REGENERAL SYSTEM"

- 2 hours.

1. Relevance of the topic.

Inflammatory diseases of the kidneys and urinary organs are among the most common in all regions of the world. Inflammatory diseases of the genitourinary organs account for about 2/3 of all urological diseases. They can be both acute progressive nature of the course with a threat to human life, and chronic long-term recurrent with a gradual dysfunction of the urogenital organs, the development of other complications and prolonged disability, disability and high mortality. In recent years, a noticeable increase in these diseases has been noted among all age groups, and especially among children. The result of the treatment of inflammatory diseases largely depends on the timeliness of diagnosis and the correct adequate treatment of patients, taking into account the etiological factor, the phases of inflammation and the pathogenesis of diseases. Given the above, these issues should be guided by doctors of all specialties, especially the therapeutic profile, to which such patients turn first of all, for timely diagnosis and adequate treatment.

^2. Whole lectures:

Training: Learn the etiology, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis and basic principles of treatment of non-specific and specific inflammatory diseases of the urinary and male reproductive system.

Educational:

1. 
   To learn the main provisions of the domestic urological school regarding non-specific and specific inflammatory diseases of the urinary system.
2. 
   To form modern professional and clinical thinking among students.
3. 
   To form a sense of responsibility for each individual patient.

^ 3. Plan and organizational structure of the lecture.

^ 1. Non-specific inflammatory diseases of the cavitary system and kidney parenchyma:

The most common of nonspecific inflammatory diseases of the genitourinary organs, which account for about 2/3 of all urological diseases, is acute and chronic pyelonephritis. Nonspecific inflammatory diseases also include pyonephrosis, paranephritis, retroperitoneal fibrosis (Ormond's disease), cystitis, paracystitis, urethritis, prostatitis, vesiculitis, epididymitis, orchitis, balanitis, balanoposthitis, cavernitis.

Pyelonephritis is understood as an infectious-inflammatory non-specific process in the interstitial tissue and tubules of the kidney, simultaneously or sequentially affecting the parenchyma and pelvis of the kidney. In the final stage, it spreads to the blood vessels and glomeruli. With pyelonephritis, the parenchyma of the kidney or pelvis can be predominantly affected (in the latter case, the course of the disease is more favorable).

Pyelonephritis is the most common kidney disease in any age group. It is the cause of hospitalization of 4-5% of all children. During pregnancy, acute pyelonephritis occurs in 3-5% of all pregnant women. Among the adult population, it occurs in 100 people per 100,000 population, in children - in 480-560.

According to pathoanatomical statistics, pyelonephritis is found in 8-20% of all sections, but during life this diagnosis is only in 5% of patients. In 60-75% of cases, the disease develops at the age of 30-40 years. Young women suffer from pyelonephritis 4-5 times more often than men. This is due to the anatomical features of the urethra in women, which is much shorter than in men and is located near the vagina, which facilitates an easier penetration of the infection upward into the bladder.

Pyelonephritis in men at a young and middle age is associated mainly with urolithiasis, chronic prostatitis, urethral stricture, various anomalies in the development of the kidneys and urinary tract. An increase in the frequency of pyelonephritis in elderly men is associated with the presence of prostate adenoma, which makes it difficult to drain from the bladder and from the kidneys.

Etiology. Pyelonephritis is a disease of a bacterial nature. There are publications on the role of viruses in the occurrence of pyelonephritis, mycoplasmas, fungal flora. But, apparently, these microorganisms are either a triggering factor, or, acting in association with bacteria, play an auxiliary role in the development of the disease.

The leading place in the etiology of pyelonephritis is given to gram-negative flora - Escherichia coli, Proteus. Next to them, staphylococci, enterococci, Klebsiella are sown. There are associations of microbes.

One of the evidence of the bacterial nature of pyelonephritis in clinical studies is the sowing of bacteria from the urine - bacteriuria. The absence of bacteriuria in clinically indisputable pyelonephritis may be associated with the formation of a purulent focus or blockade of the entire kidney, with the transition of bacteria to L-forms or protoplasts. The possibility of developing L-forms from almost all types of microorganisms responsible for the development of the pyelonephritic process has been established. L-forms of bacteria can remain in the body for a long time and be a kind of depot of a dormant infection.

Pathogenesis. The factors that preceded acute pyelonephritis are in the following order of frequency: cooling, pregnancy, attacks of renal colic, gynecological surgery, GRVI, pneumonia.

The main pathogenetic links are the penetration of bacteria into the affected organ (kidney) and the state of antimicrobial protection of the macroorganism. Of great importance are the violation of urodynamics, as well as renal blood and lymph flow. At present, a large amount of experimental, clinical, morphological data has been accumulated, which convincingly prove the role of all these factors in the occurrence of pyelonephritis, the formation of course features, and the transition to a chronic form. With the seeming simplicity of the scheme of the infectious-inflammatory process - the entry of an infectious agent into the organ, damage to the organ, the occurrence of inflammation - detailed multifaceted studies were needed to understand each pathogenetic link of pyelonephritis. The types of microorganisms that cause uroinfections and some factors of their nephropathogenicity are specified: tropism to the kidney parenchyma, the phenomenon of adherence of gram-negative bacteria to the urinary tract epithelium due to special villi, the similarity of microbial antigens with human antigens of the ABO system, detected in 44-56% of Escherichia coli strains, ability to reproduce in an acidic environment.

The main ways of penetration of microorganisms into the kidney were studied: hematogenous and urinogenic. Some researchers admit the possibility of lymphogenous drift from the organs of the abdominal cavity. The hematogenous route is possible against the background of acute diseases of a bacterial nature (bronchitis, pneumonia, tonsillitis) or in the case of a focus of chronic infection in the oral cavity, in the biliary tract, in the small pelvis, etc. The urinogenic pathway is realized by infection of the lower urinary tract or by activation of saprophytes that usually exist in the distal urethra.

Important in the development of pyelonephritis is a violation of the renal blood and lymph outflow. They may be due to processes that cause an increase in intrapelvic pressure, which is complicated by pelvic-renal refluxes with phlebo- and lymphostasis in the kidney parenchyma. Phlebostasis and lymphostasis, associated interstitial edema, contribute to the fixation of pathogenic microorganisms in the parenchyma, and parenchymal hypoxia - to their survival.

^ A. Acute pyelonephritis is an acute inflammatory process in the renal parenchyma and pelvicalyceal system. In most cases, it proceeds as a severe infectious disease, which is accompanied by severe intoxication. Acute pyelonephritis can be primary if it is not transmitted by diseases of the kidneys and urinary tract, and secondary if it occurs against the background of another urological disease that leads to a violation of the outflow of urine or a violation of blood and lymph circulation in the kidney. The disease occurs in all age groups, but children are more likely to get sick, as well as women of young and middle age. Acute pyelonephritis accounts for 10-15% of all kidney diseases.

During acute pyelonephritis, two stages are distinguished: serous and purulent inflammation. Purulent forms of pyelonephritis develop in 25-30% of patients.

Severe purulent inflammatory processes of the kidney include apostematous (pustular) pyelonephritis, carbuncle and kidney abscess. In some cases, the disease may be complicated by papillary necrosis (necrotic papillitis).

^ Primary acute pyelonephritis. Primary, conditionally called pyelonephritis, which occurs without previous kidney or urinary tract disease, although in most cases primary pyelonephritis is preceded by at least short-term and elusive by conventional research methods of urodynamic disturbances. In primary pyelonephritis, microorganisms enter the kidney by the hematogenous route from distant foci of infection.

Pathological anatomy. In acute serous pyelonephritis, the kidney is dark red, enlarged, tense, and the perirenal fatty capsule is loose. The microscopic picture consists of multiple inflammatory infiltrates in the interstitial tissue of the renal medulla, which consist of leukocytes, plasma cells and multinucleated cells, located mainly along the blood vessels. Infiltrates are located close to the tubules, the epithelium of which is thinned, and the lumen is filled with fibrin clots with leukocytes, erythrocytes, cell fragments. Symptoms of damage to the glomeruli join later (with the development of a purulent process). During the transition of serous acute pyelonephritis to purulent, pustules form from inflammatory infiltrates, multiple abscesses form not only in the medulla of the kidney, but also in its cortex - apostematous pyelonephritis develops. From the cortex of the kidney to the papillae of the pyramids, inflammatory infiltrates spread in the form of grayish-yellowish stripes, sometimes necrosis and rejection of the renal papillae are observed. When examining kidney tissues with a microscope, leukocyte infiltration is found both in the interstitial tissue and in the lumen of the renal tubules, as well as in the glomeruli, where the bacterial flora and pus enter the second - when small perivascular abscesses open. With the confluence of small pustules in the renal cortex or blockage of a large vessel by a septic embolus, a carbuncle of the kidney develops, which protrudes above its surface and spreads in depth up to the brain layer. During the healing of inflammatory foci, they are replaced by fibrous tissue, which leads to the formation of cicatricial retractions on the surface of the kidney, the capsule from which is removed with difficulty. The renal tissue on the cut has a variegated appearance.

^ Symptoms and clinical course. For primary acute pyelonephritis, the characteristic triad of symptoms is high body temperature, pain in the lumbar region, changes in the urine, characteristic of the inflammatory process (leukocyturia, bacteriuria). In the clinical picture, general and local symptoms are distinguished. Primary acute pyelonephritis is first manifested by general symptoms: fever, fever to high numbers, profuse sweating and headache (mainly in the frontal parts), muscle and joint pain, nausea, vomiting, general malaise. Tongue dry, furred. The pulse is accelerated.

Local symptoms are associated with the appearance of pain in the area of ​​the kidney affected by the inflammatory process (i.e., in the lumbar region, in the hypochondrium). The pains can be intense, but dull and are constant, not paroxysmal.

Body temperature in the evenings reaches 39-40 C and drops to 37.5-38 C in the morning. Pasternatsky's symptom is positive. Urination, as a rule, is not difficult, except when acute pyelonephritis is a complication of acute cystitis or leads to an inflammatory process in the bladder. The amount of urine is often reduced due to profuse sweating.

In children, especially young children, often acute pyelonephritis is manifested by high body temperature, vomiting, disorder, meningeal symptoms, leukocyturia. A similar clinical picture is observed in children with a number of other infectious and inflammatory diseases, so the recognition of acute pyelonephritis in them at the beginning of the disease is especially difficult. These symptoms are most pronounced in newborns and infants. Older children complain of headache, frequent painful urination.

Diagnosis. In the diagnosis of acute primary pyelonephritis, the main criterion is clinical symptoms and laboratory results.

In the early stage of acute primary pyelonephritis, when there is still no leukocyturia, the clinical picture of the disease is often mistakenly regarded as a manifestation of cholecystitis, appendicitis, influenza, typhoid fever and other infectious diseases. In this regard, the recognition of primary pyelonephritis is a very difficult and responsible task.

In the anamnesis, attention is paid to the presence of purulent foci in the body (furuncle, sinusitis, pulpitis, mastitis, osteomyelitis), as well as to past infectious diseases (influenza, tonsillitis, pneumonia, cholecystitis, enterocolitis, etc.) In cases where characteristic symptoms persist primary acute pyelonephritis (fever, pain in the lumbar region and changes in the urine that indicate an inflammatory process), the recognition of the disease does not cause difficulties.

The most important in the diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis are laboratory research techniques, primarily the detection of bacteriuria and leukocyturia with the determination of their degree, active urine leukocytes and Sternheimer-Malbin cells. Active leukocytes are leukocytes that have entered the urine from inflammation in the urinary tract, actively phagocytic bacteria. Microscopic examination of the urine sediment shows a Brownian motion of the protoplasm. When a drop of methylene blue is added to the urine sediment, next to the Brownian movement of the protoplasm, a pale blue staining of leukocytes is noted due to the ingestion of the dye to equalize the osmotic concentration inside and outside the cell (Sternheimer-Malbin cells).

Both active leukocytes and Sternheimer-Malbin cells indicate the presence of active inflammation in the urinary tract.

The bacteriological study of urine is aimed not only at elucidating the nature of the microflora, but also at its quantitative determination, i.e. counting the number of microorganisms in 1 ml of urine. At present, it has been established that in the urine of healthy people it is often possible to find microorganisms, including opportunistic pathogens (E. coli and Proteus), since microflora constantly vegetates in the distal urethra in women and men.

Determining the degree of bacteriuria in the diagnosis of acute primary (hematogenous) pyelonephritis plays an extremely important role, since this symptom appears in the first days of the disease, much earlier than leukocyturia, and in some cases may be its only characteristic symptom. It is important to combine bacteriological and bacterioscopic methods for detecting bacteriuria. In some patients with acute primary pyelonephritis, after the use of antibacterial drugs after 12-24 hours, urine culture no longer gives growth of microorganisms, although microscopy of the urine sediment can still find 10 3 or more bacteria in 1 ml.

An important sign of acute pyelonephritis is leukocyturia, which can be significant (more than 30-40 leukocytes per field of view), active leukocytes are found in all patients, Sternheimer-Malbin cells - in more than half of them. Proteinuria is observed in most patients, but the amount of protein in the urine does not exceed 1 g/l. Less commonly, there is a small cylindruria, which indicates the involvement of the glomerular apparatus in the inflammatory process. Changes in the blood are expressed in the form of leukocytosis with a shift to the left of the white blood formula and an increase in ESR.

An increase in the degree of inflammatory intoxication is accompanied by an increase in blood toxicity: a progressive increase in the level of medium molecules, a decrease in the lifetime of protozoa - paramecium in the blood - less than 20-24 minutes.

Given the fundamental difference in treatment tactics for primary and secondary acute pyelonephritis, for their differential diagnosis, it is first necessary to determine the nature of the outflow of urine from the kidneys. If it is not affected, then primary pyelonephritis occurs; if affected - secondary. For these purposes, ultrasound examination of the kidneys (as a less invasive and less traumatic method), excretory urography, radioisotope urography and chromocystoscopy are used.

The normal release of indigo carmine during chromocystoscopy allows us to speak in favor of the primary inflammatory process in the kidney. However, with great certainty, this diagnosis can be established using excretory urography, which reveals normal or slightly reduced function of the affected kidney and the absence of obstruction to the outflow of urine. The study should begin with a plain radiography of the urinary tract.

^ Differential diagnosis. Acute pyelonephritis most often has to be differentiated from common infectious diseases, as well as from acute appendicitis and acute cholecystitis.

Treatment. In primary acute pyelonephritis, in most cases, treatment is conservative, the patient must be hospitalized in a hospital.

Mode - bed. They recommend a thick drink - juices, fruit drinks - 2-2.5 liters per day, foods rich in carbohydrates (puddings, light flour dishes, raw and boiled fruits and dairy products - cheese, kefir. Due to the increased decay occurring in acute pyelonephritis protein, patients are prescribed parenteral administration of protein preparations.

The main therapeutic measure is the impact on the causative agent of the disease with antibiotics and chemical antibacterial drugs, according to the data of the antibiogram, detoxification and immunostimulating therapy in the presence of immunodeficiency.

To reduce the likelihood of recurrence of pyelonephritis and its transition to a chronic form, antibiotic therapy should be carried out continuously for at least 6 weeks. This is due to the fact that with a favorable course of acute pyelonephritis, an average of 5 weeks passes from the moment the infection enters the kidney to the complete elimination of the inflammatory process.

After clinical recovery, a break in antibacterial treatment should be taken for 2-3 weeks. Then it is necessary to make a detailed control study of the urine and blood of the patient. Urinalysis should include a general analysis, a quantitative count of leukocytes, erythrocytes and cylinders according to one of the methods, as well as determining the degree of bacteriuria and the nature of the microflora of urine with its sensitivity to antibacterial agents and chemotherapy drugs.

If the patient is in remission of the disease, courses of anti-relapse antibacterial treatment are carried out for 7-10 days every month for 6 months. For treatment, it is advisable to use those drugs to which the sensitivity of the causative agent of pyelonephritis was previously detected. In the next, in the absence of signs of exacerbation of the disease, control examinations of the patient are carried out 1 time in 3 months for 2-for x years.

The need for anti-relapse treatment and long-term control follow-up of patients who have suffered acute primary pyelonephritis, due to the fact that when examining these patients in the long term (2-2.5 years after the attack of pyelonephritis), a chronic form of the disease is established in 20-25% of them.

Forecast. In acute primary pyelonephritis, the prognosis is favorable if the antibiotic treatment has led to a stable remission of the disease. If acute pyelonephritis becomes chronic, then the prognosis becomes unfavorable with the development of complications (chronic renal failure, nephrogenic arterial hypertension, urolithiasis, pyonephrosis).

^ Secondary acute pyelonephritis. It differs from primary acute pyelonephritis in the clinical picture by the greater expressiveness of local symptoms, which makes it easier and faster to recognize the disease.

The most common cause of secondary acute pyelonephritis (in approximately 2/3 of patients) is kidney and ureteral stones, then urinary tract anomalies, pregnancy, stricture of the ureter and urethra, prostate adenoma, and in children due to impaired urodynamics (a complication in the postoperative period , vesicoureteral reflux, urolithiasis).

^ Acute pyelonephritis of pregnant women. A striking example of secondary acute pyelonephritis is acute pyelonephritis of pregnant women. Because of its high frequency, it is isolated in a special form of the disease. Acute pyelonephritis is observed, as a rule, in the second half of pregnancy, on average in 2.5-5% of cases, when the pressure in the renal pelvis increases by 2 times. The factors that predispose to the occurrence of pyelonephritis in pregnant women are the following: 1) a decrease in the tone of the upper urinary tract due to neurohumoral changes, mainly neurohumoral changes, mainly of a hormonal nature (excess estrogens, progesterone and glucocorticoids). A decrease in the tone of the upper urinary tract is noted already at a gestational age of 8 weeks; 2) mechanical pressure of the pregnant uterus on the ureters, especially the right one; 3) the presence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in 5-10% of pregnant women. The latter circumstance is extremely important, since acute pyelonephritis occurs on average in 30% of pregnant women who have asymptomatic bacteriuria.

^ Apostematous pyelonephritis. The disease is a purulent-inflammatory process with the formation of numerous small pustules (apostemes) mainly in the kidney cortex.

For apostematous pyelonephritis, the course of which largely depends on the degree of violation of the passage of urine, is characterized by a high hectic body temperature (up to 39-40 (C) with repeated amazing chills and pouring sweat, with pronounced and rapidly developing symptoms of intoxication (general weakness develops rapidly, headache, tachycardia, lightheadedness, vomiting, sclera ecteria, dry tongue, weakness). Chills usually last from 10-15 minutes to 1 hour. In most patients, it occurs several times a day after an attack of renal colic or an increase in the patient in the lumbar region. Some time after the chill, there is a decrease in body temperature to normal and subnormal figures, profuse sweating and a decrease in the patient in the lumbar region, with a decrease in the amount of urine.

^ Kidney carbuncle. The disease is a purulent - necrotic lesion with the formation of a limited infiltrate in the renal cortex. Kidney carbuncle may occur as a primary disease due to massive invasion from a distant purulent focus. In this case, a bacterial thrombus is formed in a large blood vessel of the kidney cortex or in several small vessels located close to each other. In the first case, a large focus of septic infarction is formed, and in the second - several small foci that quickly merge. With purulent fusion, the carbuncle can go to the medulla of the kidney and open either into the pelvis or into the perinephric tissue, which leads to the development of purulent paranephritis. If the carbuncle of the kidney is a complication of acute pyelonephritis, then it can occur both as a result of hematogenous septic thrombosis of a large blood vessel, and due to compression of its lumen by an inflammatory infiltrate.

The most common causative agents of kidney carbuncle are Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Proteus. Connection carbuncle of the kidney and apostematous pyelonephritis is observed in 40% of patients.

Kidney carbuncle looks like a rounded edema. On the cut, it consists of necrotic tissue, penetrated by many small confluent pustules, wedge-shaped parenchyma, which goes deep into the kidney. The base of the carbuncle is adjacent to the fibrous membrane of the kidney, which always draws into the inflammatory process (perinephritis). At first, it is infiltrated, thickened, soldered to the surface of the kidney, and later its purulent fusion may occur. Very often, perirenal tissue is also involved in the process. First, its reactive edema and infiltration occur, and in the next, purulent paranephritis develops. When the carbuncle is localized in the upper segment of the kidney, the inflammatory infiltrate can pass to the adrenal gland, causing its hypofunction syndrome, accompanied by reactive pleurisy.

^ Kidney abscess. This disease is an extremely rare form of acute purulent pyelonephritis. It can form as a complication of acute pyelonephritis due to purulent fusion of tissue at the site of a large inflammatory infiltrate, or as a result of the fusion of a group of pustules in apostematous pyelonephritis, or in the case of abscessing of the carbuncle of the kidney. Metastatic kidney abscesses are also observed, which occur when the infection is localized in extrarenal foci of inflammation (destructive pneumonia, septic endocarditis). A solitary abscess usually occurs on one side, metastatic abscesses are often multiple and bilateral.

^ Necrosis of the renal papillae. Occurs, as a rule, during one of the exacerbations of chronic pyelonephritis, accompanied by total macrohematuria and renal colic in cases where there is an occlusion of the urinary tract, torn away necrotic tissues. It occurs in 3% of patients with pyelonephritis.

^ B. Chronic pyelonephritis. Chronic pyelonephritis, as a rule, is a consequence of acute pyelonephritis. The most important reasons for the transition of an acute infectious-inflammatory process in the kidney into a chronic one are as follows:

1. 
   Timely not recognized and not displaced causes of urinary outflow disorders (urolithiasis, urinary tract strictures, prostate adenoma, vesicoureteral reflux, nephroptosis, etc.)
2. 
   Incorrect or insufficient duration of treatment of acute pyelonephritis, as well as the lack of systematic follow-up of patients who have suffered acute pyelonephritis.
3. 
   The formation of L-forms of bacteria and protoplasts in pyelonephritis, which are capable of being in the interstitial tissue of the kidney in an inactive state for a long time, and with a decrease in the protective immune forces of the body, go into the initial state and cause an exacerbation of the disease.
4. 
   Chronic concomitant diseases (diabetes mellitus, obesity, CT disease, tonsillitis, etc.), which weaken the body and are a constant source of kidney infection.
5. 
   immunodeficiency states.

There is an idea according to which primary chronic pyelonephritis is possible, since many do not note the acute onset of the disease. Probably, an acute onset is often not noticed, since it proceeds under the guise of SARS and other febrile diseases.

CP flows in waves with periodic exacerbations, which are not always recognized if they are asymptomatic or their manifestations are not very pronounced - a latent type of flow. With frequently repeated exacerbations, a recurrent course is noted.

Chronic pyelonephritis is classified according to the activity of the inflammatory process in the kidney.

^ I. Phase of active inflammatory process: a) - leukocyturia - 25,000 or more in 1 ml of urine; b) bacteriuria - 100,000 or more in 1 ml of urine; c) active leukocytes (30% or more) in the urine in all patients; d) Sternheimer-Malbin cells in urine in 25-50% of patients; e) the titer of antibacterial antibodies in the reaction of passive hemagglutination (PHA) increased in 60-70% of patients; f) SHOE - above 12 mm/h in 50-70% of patients; g) an increase in the number of medium molecules in the blood by 2-3 times.

^ II. The phase of the latent inflammatory process. A) leukocyturia - up to 2500 in 1 ml of urine; b) bacteriuria is absent or does not exceed 10,000 in 1 mole of urine; c) active urine leukocytes (15-30%) in 50-70% of patients; d) there are no Sternheimer-Malbin cells in the urine (with the exception of patients with a reduced concentration ability of the kidneys); e) the titer of antibacterial antibodies in the PHA reaction is normal (with the exception of patients in whom the exacerbation of the disease was less than 1.5 months ago); f) SHOE - not higher than 12 mm/hour; g) an increase in the blood of medium molecules by 1.5-2 times.

^ III. Phase of remission or clinical recovery: a) leukocyturia is absent; b) bacteriuria is absent; c) Sternheimer-Malbin cells are absent in the urine; e) the titer of antibacterial antibodies in the PHA reaction is normal; d) SHOE - less than 12 mm/h; g) the level of medium molecules is within the normal range.

^ Pathological anatomy. Since in pyelonephritis the infection in the kidney spreads unevenly, the morphological picture of the disease differs in that foci are formed. In the lesions of the kidney, interstitial infiltrates are found, consisting of lymphoid and plasma cells, scar connective tissue. However, due to periodically occurring exacerbations of pyelonephritis in the kidney tissue, an inflammatory process of different duration is detected: next to the changes characteristic of the old process, there are foci of fresh inflammatory changes in the form of infiltrates with polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

^ Symptoms and clinical course. Chronic pyelonephritis can proceed for years without clear clinical symptoms due to a slow inflammatory process in the interstitial tissue of the kidney. Manifestations of chronic pyelonephritis largely depend on the activity, prevalence and stage of the inflammatory process in the kidney. Different degrees of their expressiveness and connections create numerous variants of clinical signs of chronic pyelonephritis.

Diagnosis. In the diagnosis of chronic pyelonephritis, an important role is played by a correctly collected anamnesis. It is necessary with perseverance to find out in patients diseases of the kidneys and urinary tract transferred in childhood. In women, attention should be paid to attacks of acute pyelonephritis or acute cystitis noted during pregnancy or shortly after childbirth. In men, special attention should be paid to past injuries of the spine, urinary canal, bladder and inflammatory diseases of the genitourinary organs. It is also necessary to identify the presence of factors that contribute to the occurrence of pyelonephritis, such as anomalies in the development of the kidneys and urinary tract, urolithiasis, nephroptosis, diabetes mellitus, prostate adenoma.

Of great importance in the diagnosis of chronic pyelonephritis are laboratory, radiological and radioisotope research methods.

Leukocyturia is one of the most important and common symptoms of chronic pyelonephritis. If chronic pyelonephritis is suspected, the detection of leukocyturia is indicated using the methods of Kakovsky - Addis (the content of leukocytes in daily urine), Amburge (the number of leukocytes that are excreted in 1 min), Almeida - Nechiporenko (the number of leukocytes in 1 mol force), Stensfield - Webb (the number of leukocytes in 1 mm 3 non-centrifuged urine).

If the doctor admits that the patient has chronic pyelonephritis in remission, provocative tests (prednisolone or pyrogenal) are used.

Diagnostic value in chronic pyelonephritis is also a decrease in the osmotic concentration of urine (less than 400 mosm / l) and a decrease in endogenous creatinine clearance (below 80 mol / min). A decrease in the concentration ability of the kidney can often be observed in the earlier stages of the disease. This indicates a violation of the ability of the distal tubules to maintain an osmotic gradient in the direction of the blood - tubules. There is also a decrease in tubular secretion as an earlier symptom of chronic pyelonephritis.

Methods for assessing immunological reactivity, studying the characteristics of proteinuria and determining antibacterial antibody titers are important.

Differential diagnosis should be carried out with kidney tuberculosis and glomerulonephritis.

Treatment. In chronic pyelonephritis, treatment should include the following main measures: 1) elimination of the causes that caused the violation of the passage of urine or renal circulation, especially venous; 2) the appointment of antibacterial agents or chemotherapy, taking into account the data of antibiograms; 3) increase in the body's immune reactivity.

Restoration of the outflow of urine is achieved primarily by the use of one or another type of surgical intervention (removal of prostate adenoma, stones from the kidneys and urinary tract, nephropexy with nephroptosis, plastic surgery of the urethra or ureteropelvic segment, etc.). Often, after these surgical interventions, it is relatively easy to obtain a stable remission of the disease even without prolonged antibacterial treatment. Without restoration of a sufficient volume of urine passage, the use of antibacterial drugs usually does not give a long-term remission of the disease.

In the active phase, the patient's regimen should be stationary, in the future the patient switches to outpatient treatment with a nephrologist, but with regular consultation with a urologist, especially if there are urodynamic disorders.

Diet and water regimen depend on the phase of the disease, the functional state of the kidneys, and the presence of arterial hypertension. As a rule, a patient with CP should drink about 1.5 liters of fluid per day. The main requirement for the water regime is a fractional fluid intake during the day, at intervals of 3-4 hours, without large simultaneous loads. This provision must be taken into account when parenteral administration of fluids during an exacerbation of CP. A fractional 6-fold intake is also recommended for course treatment with mineral waters.

The plan of drug treatment of a patient with CP is made taking into account the phase of the disease, the type of course, clinical manifestations, the functional state of the kidneys, and the age that accompanies the pathology.

Conditionally allocate etiological, pathogenetic, symptomatic therapy.

Etiotropic in CP is antibiotic therapy. Various means are used: antibiotics, sulfanilamide preparations, derivatives of nitrofuran, oxyquinoline, nalidoxic acid, herbal preparations, antiseptics. Depending on the above factors, they are prescribed in combination or alternately.

All modern methods of antibacterial therapy for CP are based on the following principles: 1) the choice of drugs, taking into account the sensitivity of the pathogen; 2) loading dose at the beginning of treatment; 3) connection and combination of drugs from different groups; 4) long-term treatment.

If the doctor does not have information about the microflora of urine, then when choosing an antibiotic, he can take into account the nature and localization of the source of kidney infection, anamnestic data on the effectiveness of drugs in previous exacerbations. With a bright exacerbation of CP, it is preferable to start with semi-synthetic penicillins.

The clinical efficacy of antibiotics is ensured not only by their rational choice, but also by sufficient therapeutic doses. In severe purulent pyelonephritis, which is not treated with other antibiotics, reserve antibiotics (aminoglycosides, cephalosporins) are prescribed.

Always take into account the possible nephrotoxic effect of drugs. However, in a serious condition of the patient, the main criterion for the use of an antibiotic, even potentially toxic, is its effectiveness. If the pathogen that is sown is selectively sensitive to aminoglycosides (monomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin) in severe CP, the use of these drugs is justified and gives the desired effect even with functional kidney failure.

Along with antibiotics, other antibacterial agents are also used, especially nitrofuran, nalidixic acid, nitroxoline, trimethoprim, and some sulfonamides. Despite the widespread use of nitrofurans and nitroxoline, the urine microflora of CP patients remains sensitive to them at almost the same level as 10 years ago.

Of auxiliary importance at all stages of the disease are infusions from plants that have a disinfectant, diuretic and antiazotemic effect (juniper fruits, cinnamon rose hips, wild strawberries, lingonberries and bearberries, black currants, white birches, lingonberries, large plantain, dioica nettle, horsetail grass field, blue cornflower flower, ordinary hop cones, linseed, kidney orthosiphon, Indian, Javanese tea).

There are features of tactics in different phases of CP, mainly for the first course of treatment. In the active phase, as a rule, antibiotics are first prescribed in combination with nitrofurans, or sulfonamides, nalidixic acid. In the latent phase (incomplete remission), it is possible not to use antibiotics, changing antibacterial agents, using one drug each time.

One of the principles of CP treatment is a frequent (usually every 10-14 days) change in antibacterial agents, it is due to the rapid development of pathogen resistance to them. For some chemotherapy drugs (biseptol, nitroxoline), longer courses (up to 3-4 weeks) are acceptable. Other drugs, if necessary, can be prescribed again after a two-week break.

Doses of administration of antibacterial drugs and methods of administration are determined individually depending on the nature and stage of the process, the functional state of the kidneys. Most patients showed average therapeutic doses, the effectiveness of which is increased by a combination of drugs. With a difficult clinical picture, as well as persistent, refractory pyuria, the doctor usually does not increase the dose, but chooses more powerful antibiotics, which must be administered parenterally. In patients with latent CP, the usual average doses are also used.

Currently, most clinics recommend planning the duration of treatment with antibacterial agents individually, depending on the nature of the process, the timing and degree of disappearance of exacerbation symptoms. If the clinical and laboratory manifestations of recurrent CP disappear within the usual period (3-4 weeks), then supported treatment is carried out for several more months: 1-during the first month, nitroxoline (5-NOC) or nalidixic acid (nevigramon), and in the next 1 week of each month - one of the antibacterial chemotherapy drugs (alternating nitrofurani, sulfanilamide, trimethoprim), and the next 3 weeks - infusions and decoctions of plants that have antibacterial and diuretic effects. In patients with rare relapses, such therapy is limited to 2 months (the total duration of treatment is 3 months), and with frequent relapses, it is continued up to 3-4, sometimes 6 months.

During the period of obvious deterioration (active phase) of latent current CP, treatment is also carried out vigorously. In the phase of incomplete remission, therapy can be started with chemotherapy drugs (without antibiotics), alternating them continuously for 1-1.5 months, and then switch to a supported course of treatment. While maintaining the signs of the inflammatory process (clinical data, blood changes), treatment is continued for up to 6 months. During this period, during the absence of urinary tract obstruction, it is usually possible to achieve remission.

In the presence of intercurrent diseases, it is considered necessary to observe the principle of "ongoing prevention", similarly, therefore, as is customary in rheumatism, i.e. with acute respiratory viral infections, bronchitis, as well as exacerbations of foci of chronic infection (adnexitis, tonsillitis, etc.), antibiotic therapy is planned taking into account concomitant CP, including nitrofuran, trimethoprim, herbal uroseptics.

Possible reduction in the duration of treatment of patients with a bacterial infection of the urinary tract when using drugs of a wide antibacterial spectrum - third-generation cephalosporins.

The most important pathogenetic links of CP are disorders of urodynamics and intrarenal circulation, immune deficiency.

In the kidneys affected by CP, the renal blood flow is unevenly distributed, cortical hypoxia and phlebostasis in the medulla are observed. To improve microcirculation, trental and venoruton are recommended, which have a differentiated effect on the arterial and venous link of the microcirculatory bed and antiplatelet properties. Similar mechanisms of action have preparations of nicotinic acid, chimes, agapurin, troxevasin, etc.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs should not be given to all patients. They can be used only in the most persistent course of the disease with a thorough analysis of individual effectiveness.

Criteria for the appointment of immunomodulating agents should be developed based on the study of the clinical manifestations of the disease and local and systemic immunity factors. Immunomodulating agents must be included in complex treatment strictly according to indicators, selectively influencing the damaged link of immunity.

In many patients with CP, basic therapy eliminates the main manifestations of the disease too slowly, often symptomatic agents have to be used. They should be assigned only for strict indicators. Thus, antihypertensive therapy is used with a persistent increase in blood pressure and crisis conditions, antispasmodic therapy with prolonged pain syndrome caused by urinary tract dyskinesia, sedative therapy with severe asthenia. During antibiotic therapy, multivitamins are indicated, with reduced nutrition - anabolics. In the complex treatment of patients in the phase of incomplete remission, physiotherapy (paraffin and ozokerite applications, phonophoresis, diathermy, electrophoresis with nicotinic acid on the lumbar region) is of great importance, prescribed individually, taking into account contraindications. Along with anti-inflammatory and resolving effects, physiotherapy has a positive effect on the state of local immunity, which allows us to consider this type of therapy as partially pathogenetic.

In women, the reproductive organs include the uterus with fallopian tubes, ovaries, vagina, and vulva.

The organs of the urinary and reproductive systems are closely related due to the peculiarities of the anatomical structure. Inflammation of the genitourinary organs is quite common in both men and women.

Diseases

Due to the peculiarities of the anatomical structure of the genitourinary system of women, infection of the genitourinary tract with pathogenic microorganisms occurs in them much more often than in men. Female risk factors - age, pregnancy, childbirth. Because of this, the walls of the small pelvis from below weaken and lose the ability to support the organs at the required level.

Ignoring the rules of personal hygiene also contributes to inflammation of the organs of the system.

Among the inflammatory diseases of the genitourinary system, the most common are:

Moreover, chronic forms of diseases are more common, the symptoms of which are absent during remission.

Urethritis

Urethritis - inflammation of the urethra. The symptoms of this disease are:

• painful difficulty urinating, during which a burning sensation appears; the number of calls to the toilet increases;
• discharge from the urethra, which leads to redness and sticking of the opening of the urethra;
• a high level of leukocytes in the urine, which indicates the presence of a focus of inflammation, but there are no traces of the pathogen.

Depending on the pathogen that caused urethritis, the disease is divided into two types:

• specific infectious urethritis, for example, as a result of the development of gonorrhea;
• nonspecific urethritis, the causative agent of which is chlamydia, ureaplasma, viruses and other microorganisms (pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic).

In addition, the cause of inflammation may not be an infection, but a banal allergic reaction or injury after an incorrect insertion of the catheter.

Cystitis

Cystitis is an inflammation of the lining of the bladder. This disease is more common in women than in men. The cause of infectious cystitis is Escherichia coli, chlamydia or ureaplasma. However, the ingestion of these pathogens into the body does not necessarily cause disease. Risk factors are:

• prolonged sitting, frequent constipation, preference for tight clothing, resulting in impaired blood circulation in the pelvic area;
• deterioration of immunity;
• irritating effect on the walls of the bladder of substances that are part of the urine (when eating spicy or overcooked food);
• menopause;
• diabetes;
• congenital pathologies;
• hypothermia.

In the presence of an inflammatory process in other organs of the genitourinary system, there is a high probability of infection entering the bladder.

The acute form of cystitis is manifested by frequent urge to urinate, the process becomes painful, the amount of urine decreases sharply. The appearance of urine changes, in particular, transparency disappears. Pain also appears between urges in the pubic region. It is dull, cutting or burning in nature. In severe cases, in addition to these symptoms, fever, nausea and vomiting appear.

Pyelonephritis

Inflammation of the pelvis of the kidney is the most dangerous among other infections of the genitourinary system. A common cause of pyelonephritis in women is a violation of the outflow of urine, which happens during pregnancy due to an increase in the uterus and pressure on nearby organs.

In men, this disease is a complication of prostate adenoma, in children it is a complication of influenza, pneumonia, etc.

Acute pyelonephritis develops suddenly. First, the temperature rises sharply and weakness, headache and chills appear. Sweating increases. Associated symptoms may include nausea and vomiting. In the absence of treatment, there are two ways of developing the disease:

• transition to a chronic form;
• the development of suppurative processes in the organ (signs of such are sharp jumps in temperature and deterioration of the patient's condition).

endometritis

This disease is characterized by an inflammatory process in the uterus. It is caused by staphylococcus, streptococcus, Escherichia coli and other microbes. The penetration of infection into the uterine cavity is facilitated by ignoring the rules of hygiene, promiscuity, and a decrease in general immunity.

In addition, inflammation can develop as a result of complicated surgical interventions, such as abortion, probing or hysteroscopy.

The main symptoms of the disease are:

• temperature rise;
• pain in the lower abdomen;
• vaginal discharge (bloody or purulent).

cervicitis

Inflammation of the cervix occurs as a result of infection in its cavity, which is sexually transmitted. Viral diseases can also provoke the development of cervicitis: herpes, papilloma, etc. Any damage (during childbirth, abortion, medical procedures) causes the disease due to a violation of the integrity of the mucous membrane.

Clinical manifestations are typical for the inflammatory process:

• discomfort during intercourse, sometimes pain;
• mucous discharge from the vagina;
• discomfort or pain in the lower abdomen;
• fever, general malaise.

Colpitis

Colpitis, or vaginitis - an inflammation of the vagina, which is caused by Trichomonas, Candida fungi, herpes viruses, E. coli. The patient complains of the following symptoms:

• discharge;
• heaviness in the lower abdomen or in the vaginal area;
• burning;
• discomfort during urination.

During the examination, the doctor observes hyperemia, swelling of the mucous membrane, rashes, pigmented formations. In some cases, erosive areas appear.

Vulvitis

Inflammation of the external genitalia. These include the pubis, labia, hymen (or its remnants), vestibule, Bartholin's glands, bulb. Vulvitis is caused by infectious pathogens: streptococci, E. coli, chlamydia, etc.

The provoking factors are:

• oral sex;
• taking antibiotics, hormonal drugs and drugs that depress the immune system;
• diabetes;
• leukemia;
• oncological diseases;
• inflammatory processes in other organs of the genitourinary system;
• urinary incontinence;
• frequent masturbation;
• taking an excessively hot bath;
• non-compliance with personal hygiene.

You can identify the presence of an inflammatory process by the following symptoms:

• redness of the skin;
• edema;
• pain in the vulva;
• burning and itching;
• the presence of bubbles, plaque, ulcers.

Prostatitis

Inflammation of the prostate. The chronic form of the disease affects about 30% of men aged 20 to 50 years. There are two groups depending on the cause of occurrence:

• infectious prostatitis caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi;
• congestive prostatitis, which occurs due to the corresponding processes in the prostate gland (in violation of sexual activity, sedentary work, preference for tight underwear, alcohol abuse).

There are risk factors that additionally provoke the development of the inflammatory process. These include:

• decreased immunity;
• hormonal disorders;
• inflammatory processes in nearby organs.

You can identify the disease by its characteristic symptoms. The patient feels unwell, which may be accompanied by fever, complains of pain in the perineum and frequent urge to urinate. The chronic form of prostatitis can be asymptomatic and remind of itself only during periods of exacerbation.

Diagnostics

Before prescribing treatment, patients with suspected inflammation of the genitourinary system need a urological examination.

• ultrasound examination of the kidneys, bladder;
• examination of urine and blood;
• it is possible to perform cystoscopy, computed tomography, pyelography according to individual indications.

The results of the examination determine which diagnosis will be established and what treatment is prescribed to the patient.

Treatment

To stop the inflammatory process, medications are used.

The goal of etiological treatment is to eliminate the cause of the disease. To do this, you need to correctly determine the pathogen and its sensitivity to antibacterial agents. Common causative agents of urinary tract infections are Escherichia coli, Enterococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The selection of the drug takes into account the type of pathogen and the individual characteristics of the patient's body. Broad-spectrum antibiotics are often prescribed. The selectivity of these drugs is high, the toxic effect on the body is minimal.

Symptomatic treatment is aimed at eliminating the general and local symptoms of the disease.

During treatment, the patient is under strict medical supervision.

You can speed up the healing process by observing the following rules:

• Drink enough water per day and at least 1 tbsp. cranberry juice without sugar.
• Avoid salty and spicy foods from your diet.
• Limit the use of sweets and starchy foods during treatment.
• Maintain the hygiene of the external genital organs.
• Use acid soap (Lactophilus or Feminu).
• Cancel access to public waters, including hot tubs and pools.
• Refuse frequent change of sexual partners.

Attention should also be paid to improving immunity. This will avoid recurrence of the disease.

Inflammation of the genitourinary system is a common problem in modern society. Therefore, regular examinations and preventive visits to the doctor should become the norm.

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Diseases of the genitourinary system in women

Common diseases of the genitourinary system in women.

In order to monitor your health, you must first of all have an idea about the structure of your body. In women, the organs of the genitourinary system are extremely vulnerable, the diseases are very unpleasant and easily flow from an acute form to a chronic one. Knowing about the symptoms when infections occur will make it easier for a woman to protect herself from them.

The organs of the female genitourinary system include:

The female genitourinary system consists of the reproductive and excretory organs. The main difference from the male one is the length of the urethra (the female one is about five cm, and the male one is about twenty cm). Consequently, inflammatory processes bother women more often than men. With the same disease, it is usually more difficult for a woman to recover.

Infections are the main cause of inflammation. It can be urological and gynecological. And if the organs of both systems are in close proximity, then the infection can affect both. With the first symptoms, a woman should consult a specialist; if left untreated, severe complications may occur. The consequences of infectious diseases can be ectopic pregnancy, infertility, etc.

INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES SYMPTOMS IN WOMEN

Symptoms of inflammation that occurs in the female genitourinary system may differ. The organs of the reproductive and urinary female systems are closely located and interact with each other. Well, when the inflammation has already begun in one place, it quickly spreads to the organs that are nearby.

DISEASES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM IN WOMEN

cystitis in women. Symptoms. Video

Cystitis (bladder inflammation) is characterized by frequent urge to urinate, pain when urinating in the lower abdomen. Urine is often cloudy with blood impurities. The patient may have a feeling of emptying an incomplete bladder. A complicated form of cystitis leads to the development of pyelonephritis. The patient complains of pain in the lumbar region, discoloration of urine, chills, fever, which has a fetid odor, etc.

Almost every woman has encountered this unpleasant disease, cutting pains characterized by urination, a feeling of discomfort in the lower abdomen. With exacerbation of cystitis, there may be blood excretion in the urine, the pain syndrome is strong, a significant increase in T. By the way, unpleasant sensations in the urethra are a common phenomenon and may indicate various diseases, a characteristic sign without being one of some kind. More often, women suffer from cystitis, their urethral canal is short and the vagina is located near the anus, which easily allows microbes to enter the bladder.

If due attention is not paid to cystitis treatment, then it can "grow" into inflammation of the renal pelvis - pyelonephritis. Symptoms of cystitis will be accompanied by back pain, nausea, and swelling.

Bacterial genital infections include: syphilis, chlamydia, gonorrhea, ureaplasma and mycoplasma.

Viral infections include genital herpes, condylomas, cytomegalovirus infection.

Infections are transmitted sexually mainly, infection is not excluded by household and transplacental.

Microorganisms and bacteria affect the organs of the genitourinary system, adversely affect the reproductive function of women.

DISEASES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM IN WOMEN, TREATMENT

Bacterial vaginosis (vaginitis), symptoms and prevention. Video

With this disease, a woman feels pain during sexual intercourse, a burning sensation in the vagina and the urethra, discharge is present (with acute vaginitis, the discharge is abundant, and the pain is quite sharp; in the form of chronic pain, they can completely disappear and rarely appear, but the disease manifests itself with the strength of a new hypothermia, stress, etc.)

Treatment of any "female" disease should be carried out under the supervision of a gynecologist. Self-medication is dangerous and can also be as if untreated. Any bacterial infection is treated with antibiotics. In diseases of the urinary system, herbal infusions and decoctions are used as an additional means of therapy, and you can drink them to remove the infection from the body, and do douching.

Gonorrhea in women. Symptoms. Video

Gonorrhea. Its causative agent is gonococcus, which affects the mucous membranes of the urinary tract and genital organs. The process of inflammation spreads to the departments of different genitourinary systems. The main symptoms of gonorrhea: inflammation in the vaginal area, presence of mucopurulent discharge from the cervical canal, pain during urination, urethral swelling, itching in the vagina.

Genital herpes in women. Symptoms. Video

Genital herpes. Unlike other sexually transmitted infections, the appearance is characterized by the appearance of small vesicles on the mucous membrane with a cloudy liquid. Their formation is preceded by itching, burning and redness at the localization site. In addition, the patient's lymph nodes increase, T appears, pain in the muscles.

Condylomas. Gynecology. Symptoms. Video

Condylomatosis. This disease is characterized by genital warts occurring in the vaginal area. The causative agent is papillomavirus infection. Condylomas are small warts that gradually grow, resembling cauliflower.

Syphilis in women. Symptoms. Video

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease, the causative agent of which is pale treponema. appears in a patient on the membranes of the mucous chancre, the lymph nodes increase. There are primary, secondary and tertiary syphilis, which differ in the degree of localization on the mucous membrane of treponema.

Chlamydia in a woman. Symptoms. Video

Chlamydia. The main sign - the presence of chlamydia in the body appear from the genital organs of the discharge of pale yellow, pain sensation during urination, sexual intercourse, pain before menstruation. The main danger of chlamydia is that complications can lead to lesions of the uterus and appendages in a woman.

Ureaplasmosis in women. Symptoms. Video

Ureaplasmosis. This microorganism ureaplasma urealiticum causes the appearance of ureaplasmosis, if it enters the body for a long time, it does not make itself felt. The disease is almost asymptomatic, and therefore women rarely pay attention to minor changes in the body. After the end of the incubation period, the patient is worried about burning during urination, the appearance of mucous secretions, pain in the lower abdomen. With a decrease in immunity, any physical factors (stress, colds, hypothermia, physical activity are large) activate the infection.

DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS

Mycoplasmosis. symptoms in women. Video

Mycoplasmosis. The disease manifests itself in the form of colorless, white or yellow discharge, burning during urination. After intercourse, pain often appears in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe inguinal pain. With weakened immunity, pathogens of mycoplasmosis can be transferred to other organs (urinary tract, kidneys, urethra).

Most infections are asymptomatic, passing over time from the acute stage to the chronic form.

When certain symptoms appear, it is imperative to visit a gynecologist for a qualified diagnosis of the conduct and elimination of the infection.

Thrush (candidiasis). Symptoms. Video

Thrush (candidiasis). This disease is fungal, the most common in women. The main reason is personal hygiene rules, non-compliance and violation of the microflora of the normal vagina (for example, after long-term antibiotics). Accompanied by thrush during urination, burning, itching, strong, curdled white discharge, redness of the labia minora. It is treated simply (flucostat or fluconazole, vaginal suppositories). The disease is not dangerous and does not have serious consequences, but it causes a lot of discomfort, and it is better not to delay treatment and cure it quickly (medicines are sold in any pharmacy and are quite inexpensive).

Urethritis in a woman. Symptoms. Video

Urethritis. A sharp pain with urethritis of the patient worries before urination, mucus discharge from the urethra, with impurities of pus, sometimes with a characteristic smell. A woman can bring the infection into the urethra, and then into the urinary bladder, if personal hygiene rules are not observed. This can also happen during intercourse or as a result of an injury to the resulting vulva. Symptoms of urethritis are much less common, more often cystitis develops, since the urethra is very short. Even, when the infection has got into it, then from there it is washed out with a powerful stream of urine.

More about the alternative treatment of diseases of the genitourinary system of a woman:

Diseases of the genitourinary system in women. Video.

New Articles

Cystitis in women and drugs for its treatment

Cystitis is one of the most "popular" urological diseases. It is more common in young women. Even without treatment, unpleasant symptoms may disappear, but the disease cannot be left unattended. Launched infectious inflammation can cause serious damage to the organs of the genitourinary system.

What is cystitis

Cystitis is an inflammation of the bladder or urinary infection, resulting in inflammation of the mucosa. Most often, the causative agent of the disease is Escherichia coli, less often - infections.

Women are more likely to suffer from cystitis due to anatomical features: their urinary canal is wider and shorter, it is easier for a stick to get on the mucous membrane. A stick that has entered the urinary tract destroys the mucous membrane. It has bleeding ulcers. Without the necessary treatment, the process spreads throughout the body, passing to the kidneys.

Cystitis is often called a "cold" disease: it is believed that it occurs due to hypothermia. This is not so: the pathogen enters the urethra from the rectum. Cold weather can be a favorable factor and accelerate the inflammatory process by reducing immunity.

Related reasons also include:

• stasis of urine;
• difficult childbirth;
• pregnancy;
• operations on the organs of the urinary system;
• avitaminosis;
• malnutrition;
• hormonal disorders;
• non-compliance with hygiene rules.

Acute cystitis can also occur after unprotected intercourse with an untested partner. In this case, the causative agent will be chlamydia.

Symptoms and signs

In the acute form of the disease, the symptoms are pronounced, during chronic cystitis, the signs are blurred and may not cause much discomfort. The first obvious sign of cystitis is discomfort when urinating. A burning sensation appears in the urethra, the process of emptying the bladder is delayed.

• frequent false urge to urinate;
• pain in the vulva;
• pain in the lower abdomen;
• cloudy sediment in the urine;
• temperature rise;
• weakness;
• bad smell;
• feeling of incomplete emptying;
• general malaise.

In advanced cases, blood appears in the urine. The further the inflammatory process goes, the more often the symptoms recur. If at the initial stage the urge to urinate occurs every 1-1.5 hours, then later the time is reduced to a minute. The pain syndrome first manifests itself during the emptying of the urinary tract, after - constantly.

Forms of the disease

There are two forms of cystitis: acute and chronic. In the first case, the inflammatory process is “one-time”, in the second, clinical cases occur more often than twice a year. Chronic inflammation is one of the main causes of functional and structural changes in the bladder.

In rare cases, a third form is diagnosed - sluggish cystitis. It does not have any characteristic exacerbations. The main symptom is frequent urination, characterized by discomfort and a slight burning sensation.

Acute cystitis has two forms of flow. It is subdivided into:

Primary occurs due to infection, secondary often develops due to diseases of nearby organs or the bladder.

Possible Complications

Under favorable conditions, the symptoms of primary acute cystitis can go away on their own. For many women, this is a reason to refuse a visit to the doctor. But the disappearance of obvious signs of the disease is not always evidence that the inflammatory process has been stopped.

If the infection remains in the urinary tract, hemorrhagic cystitis may develop. It occurs due to the strong destruction of the mucous membrane. At the same time, vascular permeability increases, and hemorrhage occurs. The most obvious sign of such a complication is urine with a rich red tint and sharp sharp pains in the lower abdomen.

The following negative consequences are possible:

• Iron-deficiency anemia;
• dysfunction of the bladder;
• overgrowing of the walls with connective tissue;
• urinary incontinence;
• bladder rupture;
• peritonitis;
• pyelonephritis.

If sexually transmitted infections join cystitis, age increases the risk of adhesions of the fallopian tubes, which causes infertility. In addition, the disease significantly reduces immunity. The body loses its ability to resist diseases and infections.

Necessary diagnostics

At the first symptoms of cystitis, you should consult a general practitioner or urologist. In some cases, the diagnosis can be made after the first visit, solely on the basis of the patient's complaints. The prescribed treatment is carried out at home under the supervision of a doctor.

To confirm the diagnosis, it is necessary to pass a series of tests. This should be done before the use of any medications: they begin to act quickly, and the very next day the clinical picture may change and affect the results of the studies.

The symptoms characteristic of cystitis overlap with signs of other pathologies - urolithiasis, sexually transmitted diseases, uterine cancer or tumor processes in the urinary tract. All these diseases can be excluded only after receiving the test results.

• urine;
• blood;
• smear from the mucous membrane of the vagina or cervix;
• cystoscopy;
• Ultrasound of the genitourinary system.

Additionally, in controversial cases, a biopsy may be required.

Traditional treatment

For the treatment of female cystitis, the following drugs are used:

In most cases, the main "bet" is on antibiotics. You cannot choose the medicine yourself. When choosing, the doctor takes into account many factors, from the age of the patient to the clinical picture of the disease. The duration of the course is of particular importance: extra pills “hit” the body, and untreated inflammation is dangerous with a secondary exacerbation.

Before use, you need to carefully study the instructions, paying attention to contraindications. Some drugs are allowed to be used even by children (for example, Nolicin), others are prohibited for people with kidney failure, allergies, pregnant or lactating women.

To alleviate the most unpleasant symptoms of cystitis (pain and burning), antispasmodics and analgesics are needed - Papaverine and No-shpa (Drotaverine). Phytopreparations help to restore the normal microflora: Cyston, Phytolysin, Canephron, Spazmotsistenal. Vitamin and mineral complexes are used to stimulate the immune system.

In chronic cystitis it is necessary:

• normalize hormonal disorders;
• support the immune system;
• eliminate structural pathologies of the urinary;
• activate the blood supply to the affected organs;
• adjust the rules of personal hygiene.

During an exacerbation, antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs are used.

Folk remedies

Folk remedies can relieve pain and stop inflammation, but it is forbidden to completely replace the recommended drug therapy with them. When choosing a suitable recipe, you need to focus on its composition: if you are allergic to at least one component, you should refuse to use it. If possible, you should consult with your doctor about the chosen method of auxiliary treatment.

• rosehip roots: two tablespoons are poured with hot water and boiled for 15 minutes. After two hours, the cooled broth is filtered. You need to drink everything in a day, dividing the liquid into four times. Consume before meals for one week.
• dry or fresh celandine grass: 150 gr. plants are crushed in a blender. The resulting slurry is wrapped in a bandage or gauze and immersed in a liter jar of warm water. Infuse for three hours, drink a third of a glass every three hours.
• lingonberry leaves: two teaspoons per glass of boiling water, warm over medium flame for a minute, cool and strain. Drink in small sips four times a day. You can not store the broth, every day you need to prepare a new one. Consume until symptoms disappear.
• Bedstraw herb: four tablespoons of dry herb in a glass of boiling water. Cool at room temperature. Drink half a glass before meals. The course is two weeks.

With an exacerbation of cystitis, it is recommended to observe bed rest and refuse to exercise. You need to follow a simple diet: exclude foods with a high level of calcium (milk, kefir, cheeses and yogurts) and add as many fresh vegetables and fruits to the diet as possible.

Drinking should be plentiful and natural - blueberry, cranberry or lingonberry fruit drinks or still mineral water at room temperature are suitable. Bad habits during this period are especially dangerous - they undermine the already impaired immunity. Under a complete ban, alcohol is included, which is not compatible with drugs.

Prevention

To avoid recurrence, you must carefully monitor your health. Even mild colds need urgent treatment. Problematic teeth, dysbacteriosis or tonsillitis can provoke secondary cystitis.

To avoid stagnant processes in the pelvis, you need to move as much as possible. This is especially true for office workers. Although once an hour a small warm-up is done, consisting of bends, squats and a quiet walk. It is better to refuse the elevator in favor of the stairs.

During washing, it is undesirable to use fragrant soaps and gels with a large number of flavors: they negatively affect the mucous membrane, drying it out. You need to visit the bath at least once a day, change linen regularly. During critical days, tampons are replaced with sanitary pads.

Tight underwear made of synthetic fabrics often provokes circulatory disorders of the pelvic organs. With a tendency to cystitis, the choice is made in favor of comfortable cotton panties.

Preventive visits to the gynecologist and urologist should be made at least twice a year. Secondary cystitis is rarely an independent disease. In order to block the inflammatory process in the urinary tract in time, it is necessary to identify the underlying disease in a timely manner.

First aid for cystitis

Of course, at the first signs of cystitis, you should immediately consult a doctor. But at the initial stage, the disease often goes unnoticed, and the obvious symptoms are so acute that they cannot be tolerated. To quickly get rid of pain, antispasmodics or any suitable painkillers are suitable - Drotaverine, Ketorol, Pentalgin, Nurofen.

To provoke the withdrawal of the infection from the urinary tract, an abundant warm drink is used - at least two liters of fluid per day. From strong tea, coffee, soda and packaged store juices are refused during the problem period.

Despite the abundance of antibiotics that act for cystitis, you should not prescribe them yourself. It is better to replace medicines with natural decoctions of calendula, bearberry, chamomile, lingonberry, nettle, St. John's wort and yarrow.

New on site

Be sure to consult with your physician.

The urinary system of people of either sex consists of the urethra (in men it is longer and narrower), the bladder, ureters and kidneys. The male reproductive system includes the testicles located in the scrotum, the prostate gland, the seminal vesicles, and the vas deferens. In women, the reproductive organs include the uterus with fallopian tubes, ovaries, vagina, and vulva.

The organs of the urinary and reproductive systems are closely related due to the peculiarities of the anatomical structure. Inflammation of the genitourinary organs is quite common in both men and women.

Diseases

Due to the peculiarities of the anatomical structure of the genitourinary system of women, infection of the genitourinary tract with pathogenic microorganisms occurs in them much more often than in men. Female risk factors - age, pregnancy, childbirth. Because of this, the walls of the small pelvis from below weaken and lose the ability to support the organs at the required level.

Ignoring the rules of personal hygiene also contributes to inflammation of the organs of the system.

Among the inflammatory diseases of the genitourinary system, the most common are:

• urethritis;
• cystitis;
• pyelonephritis.

women also:

• endometritis;
• cervicitis;
• colpitis;
• vulvitis.

men also:

prostatitis.

Moreover, chronic forms of diseases are more common, the symptoms of which are absent during remission.

Urethritis

Urethritis - inflammation of the urethra. The symptoms of this disease are:

• painful difficulty urinating, during which a burning sensation appears; the number of calls to the toilet increases;
• discharge from the urethra, which leads to redness and sticking of the opening of the urethra;
• a high level of leukocytes in the urine, which indicates the presence of a focus of inflammation, but there are no traces of the pathogen.

Depending on the pathogen that caused urethritis, the disease is divided into two types:

• specific infectious urethritis, for example, as a result of the development of gonorrhea;
• nonspecific urethritis, the causative agent of which is chlamydia, ureaplasma, viruses and other microorganisms (pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic).

In addition, the cause of inflammation may not be an infection, but a banal allergic reaction or injury after an incorrect insertion of the catheter.

Cystitis

Cystitis is an inflammation of the lining of the bladder. This disease is more common in women than in men. The cause of infectious cystitis is Escherichia coli, chlamydia or ureaplasma. However, the ingestion of these pathogens into the body does not necessarily cause disease. Risk factors are:

• prolonged sitting, frequent constipation, preference for tight clothing, resulting in impaired blood circulation in the pelvic area;
• deterioration of immunity;
• irritating effect on the walls of the bladder of substances that are part of the urine (when eating spicy or overcooked food);
• menopause;
• diabetes;
• congenital pathologies;
• hypothermia.

In the presence of an inflammatory process in other organs of the genitourinary system, there is a high probability of infection entering the bladder.

The acute form of cystitis is manifested by frequent urge to urinate, the process becomes painful, the amount of urine decreases sharply. The appearance of urine changes, in particular, transparency disappears. Pain also appears between urges in the pubic region. It is dull, cutting or burning in nature. In severe cases, in addition to these symptoms, fever, nausea and vomiting appear.

Pyelonephritis

Inflammation of the pelvis of the kidney is the most dangerous among other infections of the genitourinary system. A common cause of pyelonephritis in women is a violation of the outflow of urine, which happens during pregnancy due to an increase in the uterus and pressure on nearby organs.

In men, this disease is a complication of prostate adenoma, in children it is a complication of influenza, pneumonia, etc.

Acute pyelonephritis develops suddenly. First, the temperature rises sharply and weakness, headache and chills appear. Sweating increases. Associated symptoms may include nausea and vomiting. In the absence of treatment, there are two ways of developing the disease:

• transition to a chronic form;
• the development of suppurative processes in the organ (signs of such are sharp jumps in temperature and deterioration of the patient's condition).

endometritis

This disease is characterized by an inflammatory process in the uterus. It is caused by staphylococcus, streptococcus, Escherichia coli and other microbes. The penetration of infection into the uterine cavity is facilitated by ignoring the rules of hygiene, promiscuity, and a decrease in general immunity.

In addition, inflammation can develop as a result of complicated surgical interventions, such as abortion, probing or hysteroscopy.

The main symptoms of the disease are:

• temperature rise;
• pain in the lower abdomen;
• vaginal discharge (bloody or purulent).

cervicitis

Inflammation of the cervix occurs as a result of infection in its cavity, which is sexually transmitted. Viral diseases can also provoke the development of cervicitis: herpes, papilloma, etc. Any damage (during childbirth, abortion, medical procedures) causes the disease due to a violation of the integrity of the mucous membrane.

Clinical manifestations are typical for the inflammatory process:

• discomfort during intercourse, sometimes pain;
• mucous discharge from the vagina;
• discomfort or pain in the lower abdomen;
• fever, general malaise.

Colpitis

Colpitis, or vaginitis - an inflammation of the vagina, which is caused by Trichomonas, Candida fungi, herpes viruses, E. coli. The patient complains of the following symptoms:

• discharge;
• heaviness in the lower abdomen or in the vaginal area;
• burning;
• discomfort during urination.

During the examination, the doctor observes hyperemia, swelling of the mucous membrane, rashes, pigmented formations. In some cases, erosive areas appear.

Vulvitis

Inflammation of the external genitalia. These include the pubis, labia, hymen (or its remnants), vestibule, Bartholin's glands, bulb. Vulvitis is caused by infectious pathogens: streptococci, E. coli, chlamydia, etc.

The provoking factors are:

• oral sex;
• taking antibiotics, hormonal drugs and drugs that depress the immune system;
• diabetes;
• leukemia;
• oncological diseases;
• inflammatory processes in other organs of the genitourinary system;
• urinary incontinence;
• frequent masturbation;
• taking an excessively hot bath;
• non-compliance with personal hygiene.

You can identify the presence of an inflammatory process by the following symptoms:

• redness of the skin;
• edema;
• pain in the vulva;
• burning and itching;
• the presence of bubbles, plaque, ulcers.

Prostatitis

Inflammation of the prostate. The chronic form of the disease affects about 30% of men aged 20 to 50 years. There are two groups depending on the cause of occurrence:

• infectious prostatitis caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi;
• congestive prostatitis, which occurs due to the corresponding processes in the prostate gland (in violation of sexual activity, sedentary work, preference for tight underwear, alcohol abuse).

There are risk factors that additionally provoke the development of the inflammatory process. These include:

• decreased immunity;
• hormonal disorders;
• inflammatory processes in nearby organs.

You can identify the disease by its characteristic symptoms. The patient feels unwell, which may be accompanied by fever, complains of pain in the perineum and frequent urge to urinate. The chronic form of prostatitis can be asymptomatic and remind of itself only during periods of exacerbation.

Diagnostics

Before prescribing treatment, patients with suspected inflammation of the genitourinary system need a urological examination.

The inspection includes:

• ultrasound examination of the kidneys, bladder;
• examination of urine and blood;
• it is possible to perform cystoscopy, computed tomography, pyelography according to individual indications.

The results of the examination determine which diagnosis will be established and what treatment is prescribed to the patient.

Treatment

To stop the inflammatory process, medications are used.

The goal of etiological treatment is to eliminate the cause of the disease. To do this, you need to correctly determine the pathogen and its sensitivity to antibacterial agents. Common causative agents of urinary tract infections are Escherichia coli, Enterococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The selection of the drug takes into account the type of pathogen and the individual characteristics of the patient's body. Broad-spectrum antibiotics are often prescribed. The selectivity of these drugs is high, the toxic effect on the body is minimal.

Symptomatic treatment is aimed at eliminating the general and local symptoms of the disease.

During treatment, the patient is under strict medical supervision.

You can speed up the healing process by observing the following rules:

• Drink enough water per day and at least 1 tbsp. cranberry juice without sugar.
• Avoid salty and spicy foods from your diet.
• Limit the use of sweets and starchy foods during treatment.
• Maintain the hygiene of the external genital organs.
• Use acid soap (Lactophilus or Feminu).
• Cancel access to public waters, including hot tubs and pools.
• Refuse frequent change of sexual partners.

Attention should also be paid to improving immunity. This will avoid recurrence of the disease.

Inflammation of the genitourinary system is a common problem in modern society. Therefore, regular examinations and preventive visits to the doctor should become the norm.

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