Prospects for the development of health tourism in Europe. Medical tourism in the European region

Introduction

1.2 Resort types

2. Health tourism in Europe

2.1 Health tourism in Northern and Southern Europe

2.2 Health tourism in Eastern and Western Europe

Conclusion

Bibliography

Application

Introduction

Modern political scientists and futurologists predict that the post-industrial society will have information and services as the main sphere of the economy, and environmental health and information technologies will become the main type of its resources. At present, the share of services in the structure of gross domestic product in the developed countries of the world ranges from 30–35%. In Sweden, this share is 61.4%, in Denmark - 54.7%, in Canada - 54.1%, in the USA - 51.4%, in Great Britain - 50.8%, in Russia - only 31.3%.

Tourism occupies a special place in the service sector itself. It accounts for about 10% of the world's gross national product. The material base of tourism is made up of accommodation facilities: hotels, boarding houses, camp sites, holiday homes, motels, campsites, mountain shelters, etc. Tourism is becoming one of the leading and dynamic sectors of the world economy. According to the forecasts of the World Tourism Organization (WTO), in 2010 the number of international tourist trips doubled to 937 million, and tourism receipts reach 1.1 trillion. USD.

Tourism (French tourisme, from tour - walk, trip), travel (trip, hike) in your free time. Tourism is the most effective means of satisfying recreational needs, as it combines various types of recreational activities - health improvement, knowledge, restoration of human productive forces. Tourism is an integral part of health care, physical culture, a means of spiritual, cultural and social development of the individual.

According to the assessment of the scale of tourist traffic existing in world practice, tourists "are all persons who temporarily and voluntarily change their place of residence for any purpose, except for activities rewarded in the place of temporary residence." Persons staying in their free time in any area for less than 24 hours are considered sightseers. Travel within one's own country is united by the concept of "domestic (national) tourism", and outside it - "foreign tourism".

The practice of organizing a tourist business, guided by a more precise definition of the main goal, singles out specific types of tourism: recreational, health-improving, sports, business, timeshare, or club holidays, ecological, religious tourism, etc.

In this course work, health tourism is considered in detail.

The purpose of the work is to determine the role of this type of tourism and its significance in the modern life of people.

The object of the study is Europe and its health resorts.

The subject of the study is health tourism in Europe.

1. Features of health tourism

1.1 Medical tourism as the main type of tourism

Medical tourism can be called the main type of tourism in importance, since it is based on concern for human health as the main value of life. Medical tourism has a long and rich history. In each country, it developed taking into account the availability of natural resources, socio-economic conditions.

Health tourism is the most massive and popular area of medical tourism, it has existed since ancient times. Already the ancient Greeks, in order to improve their health, went to the sanctuary of the healer god Asclepius in Epidaurus - there were hotels, baths, palestras (gymnastics schools). The ruins of facilities for the treatment of mineral waters of the Roman Empire have been preserved in the areas of many famous European resorts.

Times have changed, but the motivation to travel has remained the same. The healing properties of natural factors, as before, attract patients to resort areas. The flows of tourists with medical purposes are not yet as numerous as the mass of those who want to relax and have fun, but they are growing rapidly, their geography is expanding.

Balneology as the basis of health tourism began to actively develop in Europe, starting from the 17th century. In the 20th century, a whole resort industry emerged in the world, covering almost all countries and continents. On the basis of traditional climatic, balneological, and mud resorts, new forms of health improvement appeared - SPA, wellness, fitness. The list of services provided by modern health resorts often includes check-up programs.

The most widespread and popular are resorts that offer several health-improving factors, especially SPA-resorts or SPA-hotels. The latter can be located not only in resort areas, but also in large metropolitan areas, and also provide health and relaxation services.

Many resorts have wellness programs (health, anti-stress, cosmetology) that are suitable for absolutely healthy people. Hotels with thalassotherapy centers are in constant demand at seaside resorts.

Medical tourism has a number of distinctive features. Firstly, the stay at the resort, regardless of the type of the latter and the disease, must be long, at least three weeks. Only in this case the desired healing effect is achieved. Secondly, treatment at resorts is expensive. Although relatively cheap tours have been developed recently, this type of tourism is mainly aimed at wealthy clients who are increasingly focusing not on a standard set of medical services, but on an individual treatment program. Another feature is that people of the older age group go to resorts when chronic diseases worsen or a weakening body is unable to cope with everyday stress at work and at home. Accordingly, these tourists make between resorts specializing in the treatment of a particular disease, and resorts of a mixed type, which have a general strengthening effect on the body and contribute to recuperation.

European centers of health tourism are widely known in the world. The Czech Republic leads in the number of foreign tourists arriving for spa treatment. Every year it is visited by 50,000 people from over 70 countries. The famous Czech health resort Karlovy Vary welcomes medical tourists from all five continents. This balneological resort enjoys special love among residents of the CIS countries.

On the territory of Germany there are more than 300 resorts that receive over 1 million people from Europe, the USA and Canada. Mountain and balneological resorts in Austria and Switzerland are also the main European destinations for health tourism. Many world-famous resorts (Vichy, Evian) and thalassotherapy centers are located in France. Italy has a number of excellent balneological resorts. Medical tourism is developing at a rapid pace in Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, and Bulgaria. Romania and the republics of the former Yugoslavia also offer wellness programs at seaside and balneological resorts. Seaside resorts attract tourists from Spain, Portugal and Greece.

The United States is the leader in health tourism in the Americas. Most North American resorts are balneological, but they are visited mainly by Americans themselves. There are also climatic resorts, but US residents prefer to be treated and relax in the resorts of Cuba, the Bahamas and Central America. Australia has all the natural resources for health tourism, but due to the remoteness of the Green Continent, its resort hotels-centers, like in the United States, are focused on receiving "domestic" tourists.

In Africa, health tourism began to develop actively not only due to an increase in the number of tourists in already known recreation and health areas (for example, in Egypt), but also in Tunisia, Morocco, Kenya and South Africa.

Israel (the resorts of the Dead Sea), Egypt and Turkey with their seaside climatic resorts remain traditional places of health tourism for residents of the CIS countries.

Sufficiently developed resort infrastructure is available in the CIS countries. There are 45,000 health resorts in Russia today, the most famous are the resort complexes of Greater Sochi and Caucasian Mineralnye Vody. The resorts of Crimea and Truskavets (Ukraine), Jurmala (Latvia) are also widely known in neighboring countries. However, due to the inconsistency of the level of service with high international standards, most of these resorts attract only residents of these countries.

In the last 10 years, at a rapid pace, taking into account the growing needs of vacationers and the latest trends in the development of world health tourism, this direction has been developing in India and the countries of Southeast Asia (Singapore, Thailand, China, Malaysia). As a rule, health improvement in newly built luxury SPA hotels and wellness centers also includes the methods of oriental medicine, which are increasingly in demand among supporters of a healthy lifestyle.

All over the world, scientific and technological progress is accelerating, urbanization processes are underway, which has both positive and negative consequences for people's health. There is a decrease in the functional capabilities of the human body, which is manifested in the deterioration of the activity of its most important life-supporting systems. Both an increase in the incidence of the population and the emergence of new, dangerous diseases are noted; stress loads increase significantly, and physical and mental fatigue accumulates in the human body.

At the same time, there is a trend in the world to realize the importance of a healthy lifestyle. An integral part of the modern system of values has become concern for health, increasing vital activity. There is a growing number of people seeking to maintain good physical shape along with spiritual enrichment. The way employers look at their employees has also changed.

All this creates the prerequisites for the accelerated development of health tourism throughout the world.

According to the World Tourism Organization (WTO), treatment and recovery are among the most important tourist motivations. Over the past 15 years, the number of trips for treatment has increased by 10% in the world. Today, health tourism is becoming truly global. And we can say that the process of forming the world market for medical tourism is actively continuing.

Until now, there are disputes about which types of tourism should be classified as medical tourism, and which ones as health tourism - if the purpose of travel is used as a criterion, then medical tourism and health tourism can be distinguished separately.

Medical tourism is carried out with the aim of improving health and involves staying in sanatoriums and resorts. The purpose of "treatment" is also singled out separately in the classification of travelers recommended by the WTO.

Health tourism aims at health prevention and recreation. It is characterized by longer travel, fewer cities visited, and longer stays in one place. The purpose of "rest" along with leisure and recreation is present in the classification of travelers recommended by the WTO.

In the modern world, the market of this direction we are considering in tourism is undergoing noticeable changes. Traditional sanatorium resorts cease to be a place of treatment and recreation for the elderly and become multifunctional health centers designed for a wide range of consumers.

The development of medical and health tourism in a particular region of the world is favored by certain physical and geographical factors, or natural conditions. These conditions include the presence of certain natural and recreational resources, i.e. resources that provide rest and restoration of human health and ability to work, as well as aesthetic resources - a combination of natural factors that positively affect the spiritual state of people.

Medical and health-improving - tourist resources are defined in the Federal Law of November 24, 1996, No. 132-FZ "On the Fundamentals of Tourism in the Russian Federation", the latest amendments to which were made on February 5, 2007, as "natural, historical, socio-cultural facilities that can satisfy the spiritual needs of tourists, promote the restoration and development of their physical strength.

Resorts - areas that have natural resources for treatment and recreation (favorable climate, picturesque landscape, sources of healing mineral waters, deposits of therapeutic mud, etc.), as well as institutions, structures, devices for the use of these natural resources for therapeutic and prophylactic and recreational purposes .

The main types of institutions in the resorts are sanatoriums, rest houses, boarding houses, resort polyclinics, resort hotels and medical hotels. Among the resort facilities and devices are pump rooms, drinking galleries, balneological facilities, mud baths, climate pavilions, beaches, etc.

The main types of resorts are distinguished, depending on what natural healing factors the resorts have and their three main types are determined: balneotherapy, mud and climatic. Many resorts have several natural healing factors and, being transitional, occupying an intermediate position, are respectively called balneo-mud, balneo-climatic, climate-mud, etc. Since in their healing activities they use simultaneously, for example, mineral waters and mud or climate and mineral waters, they cannot be assigned to any one of the three types. Such resorts are relatively widespread in Europe and attract a growing number of tourists.

At balneological or balneotherapeutic resorts, natural mineral waters are the main natural healing factor. They are recommended for external (baths, pools) and internal (drinking, inhalation, etc.) consumption. Mineral waters help to recover from numerous ailments. Among the patients who come to balneological resorts, people with diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular and nervous system, musculoskeletal system, etc. predominate. Conducted medical studies confirm the effectiveness of treating a number of diseases in balneological resorts. It gives results comparable to the effects of conventional drugs, but it eliminates the side effects that are inevitable when taking drugs, lengthens the period of remission, reduces the likelihood of subsequent exacerbations and their intensity.

Another type of resorts - mud resorts - is tied to deposits of therapeutic mud (peloids), which is used as the main or one of the main healing factors along with the climate, natural mineral waters.

Mud therapy is indicated mainly for the pathology of the joints, the nervous system of traumatic origin, as well as for gynecological and some other diseases. Thanks to modern methods and advanced technologies, mud therapy allows achieving high medical results, which contributes to the growing popularity of mud resorts among tourists in need of medical assistance.

Climatic resorts are as diverse as the climate itself. Forest (plain) - 11.3%, mountains - 24.2%, seaside, climate-cousic 4.2% in the structure of the world's climatic resorts - each of them has a unique combination of climatic and weather factors (temperature, atmospheric pressure, solar radiation, etc.) .), which are used for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes. The profile of the resort depends on the combination of these factors. Climatic resorts are characterized by favorable climate and microclimate. If the forest resorts with their characteristic continental climate mainly accept people suffering from diseases of the upper respiratory tract, asthma, disorders of the nervous system, then staying at mountain resorts is recommended for the initial forms of tuberculosis and anemia. The most common type of climatic resorts is seaside. They make up 60.3% in the structure of the world's climatic resorts. More and more tourists are discovering opportunities to combine seaside holidays with effective treatment. The maritime climate allows you to cope with many ailments. It has a beneficial effect on people with diseases of the blood, bone tissue, and lymph glands. After the end of the course of treatment, the well-being of patients improves, for a long time they can do without medicines or reduce the doses of medications they take. Another type of climatic resorts is climatic koumiss treatment resorts. They are located in the steppe zone, and are known for their combined method of treatment, combining the healing properties of the arid steppe climate and koumiss, a sour-milk liqueur made from mare's milk. For the treatment of patients, dosed use of koumiss is used. Kumis increases the digestibility of proteins and fats, promotes weight gain. The number of climatic koumiss and curative resorts in the world is small - about 40. The vast majority of them (about half) are located in the Russian Federation, as well as in the former Soviet republics (Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan).

There are also resorts with special, unique healing factors that have no analogues. Resorts are subject to the following requirements:

The presence of natural healing factors that ensure the normal functioning of the resort;

Necessary technical devices and buildings for the rational use of resort factors (pools, mud baths, beaches, etc.);

Specially adapted premises for treatment and housing (sanatoriums, rest homes);

Availability of medical and preventive institutions that provide medical care for patients and vacationers;

Availability of health facilities, sports facilities and playgrounds;

Availability of institutions of public use, institutions of public catering, trade and consumer services, cultural and educational institutions;

Convenient access and affinity communications;

Landscaped territory, engineering and technical facilities providing electricity and water supply, sewerage.

Medical and recreational institutions of the Republic of Bashkortostan are very diverse and can satisfy the needs of any consumer. 2.3 Organizational and technological features of health tourism in the Republic of Bashkortostan Since the Republic of Bashkortostan is a subject of the Russian Federation, a tourist will only need a citizen's passport to enter its territory ...

Doctor's appointment. Therapeutic and health-improving area is an area that has natural healing resources and is suitable for organizing the treatment and prevention of diseases, as well as for recreation of the population. Modern conditions for the development of the health tourism market in Russia are characterized by a constant expansion of the range of offers of resorts and the emergence of new travel companies offering ...

If in the old days many tourists went abroad solely for the sake of relaxation and sightseeing, today taking care of one's health is also relevant in such trips. That is why medical tourism in Europe is gaining momentum.

The main goal of health tours is the treatment of a particular pathology, as well as its prevention. The branch of medicine that studies medical tourism is called balneology. Given this, European medical tourism can be divided according to the types of resorts.

Balneological. Mineral waters are the main healing factor.
climatic. For treatment, the features of the climate, temperature regime and air are used, which have certain useful properties:
— mountain, because rarefied air is useful for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases, tuberculosis.
— seaside, the main healing factor of which is sea air, useful for broncho-pulmonary pathology and for general strengthening of the body.
— desert, where water evaporates from the body, are useful for kidney diseases.
Mud resorts are recommended for diseases of the musculoskeletal system. Mud properties are not lost even during transportation.
Combined(universal) - include a combination of several therapeutic factors.

The most popular medical tourism is in Europe. The local clinics and sanatoriums have long established themselves as the best. Qualified experienced specialists, excellent ecological environment, the latest modern equipment contribute to the fact that health tours are so in demand here. Among the popular places for medical tourism in Europe are the foothills of the Alps (Austria, Germany, Vichy in France, Northern Italy), the western part of the Czech Republic (Karlovy Vary), Hungary, the Dead Sea of Israel ...

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European resorts for medical tourism

Austria

In addition to mountain lakes, picturesque peaks and a mild climate, the country is known for its well-developed healthcare system. There are medical and health resorts with mineral salt- and iodine-containing, radon and sulfuric waters, which are used to treat various pathologies with the help of balneotherapy. The most famous Austrian resorts are Bad Gastein, Bad Blumau, Bad Ischl, Laa an der Thaya, Loipersdorf.

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Germany

Picturesque and ecologically clean places, thermal springs, therapeutic mud and mineral waters attract people from all over the world to Germany. The Mecca of European medical tourism can be called Baden-Baden. Local sources are rich in trace elements (zinc, cobalt, copper) and minerals (magnesium, cesium, manganese, lithium, etc.). Among other resorts in Germany, Scheidegg, Bad Füssing, Bad Toelz, Hindeland can be distinguished.

France

Some of the most expensive medical resorts in Europe are French. They are distinguished by special sophistication and high service. France is famous for its thalassotherapy centers and mineral water springs. The most famous resort in the country is Vichy, on the territory of which there are 15 mineral springs. Water from them is indicated for people with impaired metabolism, diseases of the musculoskeletal system, digestive organs, depression, overwork.

Italy

Italy is rich in lakes and surrounded by four seas, thanks to which it is the founder of thalassotherapy and the SPA industry. Picturesque landscapes and a wonderful climate favorably affect the restoration of psychological comfort among vacationers, which is very important for effective recovery. In the north of Italy there are large private clinics known for their innovative diagnostic techniques. The most famous resorts of the country are Abano Montegrotto, Abano Terme.

Czech

The Czech Republic is rightly called the state of mineral healing springs. known throughout the world, because they can successfully treat gynecological pathology, metabolic disorders, diseases of the musculoskeletal system and digestive organs. Medicinal mud and peat are also used. However, medical tours to the Czech Republic are not limited to this resort. Those who wish to improve their health can be advised, Trebon, Teplice.

Hungary

Hungary is famous for its large number of thermal springs and excellent infrastructure. Famous baths - Harkan, Lake Heviz, Miskolc-Tapolca, Budapest, Debrecen.

Today in Europe there are more than 3 thousand resorts, which are modern health centers. They play a significant role in the formation of the gross national product of the member states of the European Union. Most of the European resorts (about 1.2 thousand) are members of the European Spas Association (The European Spas Association).

Western Europe is a leader in tourism in most types. By the 19th century a German balneological school was formed, whose adherents, in addition to Germany, included the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Russia followed in these footsteps. It is in these countries that resort and sanatorium treatment has reached its heights. Therefore, we can talk about the rich traditions of the resort business of these countries, which have a wide range of healing natural and climatic resources, developed infrastructure, modern effective methods for the prevention and treatment of diseases, as well as rehabilitation. Currently, Germany, the Czech Republic and Slovakia control a large share of European health tourism.

The countries of Eastern Europe are Bulgaria, Hungary, Israel, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Turkey, as well as the Czech Republic with its world-famous resorts.

Bulgaria. Resorts in Bulgaria are also very popular for treatment and recovery. Natural factors: maritime climate, solar ultraviolet, sea water rich in salts and trace elements, therapeutic mud, various types of medicinal plants and mineral springs - successfully treat cardiovascular diseases and diseases of the nervous and musculoskeletal system, arthritis, arthrosis, stress, neuroses, chronic pharyngitis and bronchitis. The largest medical centers are located in Chirpan, Sandanski, Kyustendil, in the resorts of Golden Sands and Sunny Day.

The main competitor of the Czech Republic in the European health tourism market is Hungary. It is rightly called the zone of thermal baths. About half a million cubic meters of thermal water per day flows from natural springs and wells, some of them are used in medicine. In the 19th century, Hungary became the European center of hydrotherapy bathing. Today, 22 cities and 62 Hungarian villages have officially recognized healing springs.

Visiting balneological resorts is one of the main motivations for traveling to Hungary. In 1998, every third tourist arriving in this country went to the waters. Rest and treatment at Hungarian resorts are especially popular among citizens of Germany, the USA, Austria, as well as the population of Hungary itself. These four countries account for over half of all arrivals.

Tourist flows rush in two directions: to Budapest and to Lake Balaton. Back in the 19th century Budapest, the capital of Hungary, received the status of a city of medicinal waters. One of its attractions is the oriental baths, which have been preserved and continue to operate since the time of Turkish domination of the 16th-17th centuries. Those tourists who want to combine treatment with water recreation go to one of the largest and warmest lakes in Europe - Lake Balaton. It is an ideal place for fishing, swimming, sailing, rowing and water skiing. Every year up to 100 thousand tourists from different countries come to the lake.

The Hungarian Mecca for those in need of hydrotherapy is Europe's largest thermal lake Heviz. Its waters are rich in mineral salts, and the bottom is covered with healing silt with a high content of radium. Thanks to this combination, local resorts are recommended for those who suffer from diseases of the musculoskeletal system. The lake is fed by a geyser and, thus, all the water in it is renewed in 72 hours.

Israel. The Dead Sea coast is located 395 m below the level of the oceans, this is the lowest place on the entire planet. Its waters contain 80 times more bromine, 35 times more magnesium and 10 times more salt than the ocean. It got its name due to the fact that in its waters with a 30% concentration of salts and minerals there are practically no living organisms. Medical and health resorts in this area have been known since ancient times. Waters filled with salts and minerals, deposits of therapeutic peloid mud and the climatic features of the region help people get rid of asthma, dermatological, rheumatological diseases, as well as conduct a general recovery of the body.

The special chemical composition of water helps to restore energy and rejuvenate the body. Bromine calms the nervous system, magnesium stimulates tone and refreshes the skin. The high density explains such a phenomenal property of the Dead Sea water, how to keep a person’s body on the surface, even if he is completely devoid of swimming skills. Staying in a state of "weightlessness" in a healing natural bath is not just fun. This is an effective health-improving procedure, indicated primarily for people with joint diseases.

The Dead Sea "feeds" thermal mineral springs, freshwater springs, mountain streams. All of them carry with them therapeutic muds deposited on the coast. Rich in organic substances, minerals and salts, peloids activate the body's metabolism, accelerate blood circulation, relax muscles and stimulate hair growth. Patients extract mud from the sea in handfuls and rub it over the body, covering the face and hair, or apply it to the affected areas of the skin and joints. A daily complex of mud procedures, together with sulfide baths and bathing, relieves pain and ossification caused by rheumatoid arthritis.

Muds are widely used in cosmetology. They make the skin soft, supple and smooth. People knew about the amazing property of the Dead Sea peloids as early as the time of Queen Cleopatra. This is confirmed by the data of archaeological excavations. During them, scientists discovered a kind of cosmetic factory built to satisfy the whims of the famous Egyptian queen.

Tourists arriving at the Dead Sea are amazed by the local air. It is crystal clear and, due to intensive evaporation, is saturated with oxygen, ozone, light bromine and iodine ions. Thanks to this composition, seaside air has a relaxing effect on the body, creating a feeling of comfort in a person.

The main contingent of people going for treatment to the Dead Sea resorts are patients with psoriasis and dermatitis. Therapy for these skin diseases includes dosed exposure of the patient to the sun. On the shores of the Dead Sea, he can sunbathe longer than usual without fear of burns. The harmful effect of ultraviolet radiation is not so noticeable here due to the unique geographical location of the sea. As mentioned above, it is located 395 m below sea level. At this lowest point on the earth's surface, the thickened atmosphere and the vapor layer in the air act as a kind of filter that prevents the penetration of ultraviolet rays. Already after ten sessions of sunbathing, the patients feel better, the skin gradually becomes clean and smooth, while maintaining the restored qualities after the end of the course of treatment.

Therapy at the Dead Sea resorts radically changes our understanding of the healing process. Here it is more like pampering rest and entertainment than some kind of set of procedures.

Poland is represented in the health tourism market by balneological and climatic resorts. The main seaside balneological and balneo-mud resorts - Swinoujscie, Kamen-Pomorski, Kolobrzeg - are located on the coast of the Baltic Sea. They are less known than the Czech and Hungarian ones and cannot yet compete with them. The lack of proper advertising, the low level of medical care, as well as the cold sea - all this limits the possibilities of Polish resorts.

Romania hosts one third of Europe's mineral springs and thermal waters. The most popular balneological resorts are Baile Felix, Covansa, Baile Herculanee, Slanic Moldova and Efori Nord.

Efori Nord is located on Lake Techirghiol, 14 km from Constanta. In Efori-Nord, degenerative rheumatism, articular rheumatism, gynecological diseases and the consequences of injuries are prevented. Treatment is carried out with the help of sapropel mud and concentrated salt water of Lake Techirghiol, sea water and marine bioclimate rich in salt aerosols. Heliotherapy and thalassotherapy procedures are carried out on the shores of the lake. On the entire Black Sea coast of Romania, especially near large resort centers, there are balneological resorts. Here, with the help of sapropelic mud, rheumatic, gynecological and skin diseases, metabolic disorders are treated and rejuvenation courses are carried out.

In the Carpathians in the north-east of Romania, in the valley of the Slanic River, there is the resort of Slanic-Moldova. Its height above sea level is 530 m. It is known for more than 20 mineral springs. The waters of these springs, combined with a tonic-stimulating climate and the purity of ionized air, are used in the treatment of diseases of the digestive tract. 18 km from the Slanic-Moldova resort in the town of Tirgu-Okna there is an underground medical sanatorium. It is located at a depth of 130 m in a salt mine.

The Baile Olanesti resort is located in the Southern Carpathians. Here, sulphurous, chloride, weakly iodine, bromine, sodium and magnesium mineral waters are used for treatment, but mineral water No. 24, which removes sand and stones from the body, is especially popular. Here, neglected dermatitis and psoriasis are treated with injections of mineral water.

Sovata is located in the center of Transylvania, in the Carpathians at an altitude of about 500 m above sea level, 60 km from the town of Targu Mures. It is known for the natural and therapeutic value of the Ursu solar thermal salt lake. Sovata specializes in the treatment of gynecological diseases, as well as diseases of the musculoskeletal system. Therapeutic factors of the resort: sodium chloride waters of the heliothermal lake, sapropelic mud and heliotherapy.

The resort of Kovance is located at an altitude of 564 m above sea level. He specializes in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, hypertension and varicose veins. The treatment is carried out with the help of a mofet with carbon dioxide, which leads to the expansion of blood vessels and improves the functioning of the heart, electrophysiotherapy (ultrasounds, electrophoresis, galvanic bath), hydrothermotherapy (massage, shower, underwater massage), as well as with the help of acupuncture.

The Baile Felix resort is located in the northwest of Romania. Its thermal waters are unique - these are radon waters, as well as soda, sulfated and sodium mineral waters. With their help, as well as with the use of sapropelic mud, pools with thermal mineral water, articular, degenerative and inflammatory rheumatism, the consequences of injuries, peripheral neuralgia and gynecological diseases are treated at the resort.

Another popular resort is Kachulata. The waters of the resort were used by the Romans, who built fortresses and baths in the vicinity of the springs. Now hydrotherapy, electro- and physiotherapy with the use of ultraviolet rays, for ionizations, dry massage, light baths, cupeto showers and baths with infusions of medicinal herbs are carried out here.

Slovakia. About 1400 mineral springs were discovered on its territory. In the east of the country, 6 km from the city of Bardejov, there is a resort Bardejovskie kupli with 12 mineral springs - bicarbonate, sodium chloride, ferrous acid, cold, hypotonic and with a high content of boric acid. The height of the resort is 325 m above sea level, it is surrounded by coniferous forests, where you can go hiking, and the air here is filled with minerals.

Piestany Spa was founded in 1889. It is located in the valley of the river Vah, 80 km from Bratislava. Its mineral waters and sulphurous mud are used to treat rheumatism and arthritis. The main procedures offered to patients are baths, showers, gymnastics and massage.

Sulfuric acid, hydrogen sulfide, calcium-magnesium and fluorine-containing mineral springs function in Trenčianske Teplice. The spa treats diseases of the musculoskeletal system, as well as nervous diseases and post-traumatic conditions.

The mountain resort Strbske Pleso, located in the middle of a coniferous forest, specializes in the prevention of respiratory diseases. The main method of treatment is climatotherapy (treatment with air and sun).

During treatment in Slovenia, local balneological resorts use thermal waters from nearby sources, a mild climate, and sea mud and sea water on the coast. The main direction of the Chartezh resort is the treatment of diseases of the musculoskeletal system with the help of acrato-hyperthermal springs with a temperature of +41 to +60 degrees. In addition, they carry out the prevention of inflammatory processes in rheumatic diseases, neurological diseases and help to get rid of excess weight. The Terme Zrece resort is located 17 km from the Rogla ski center in a pine forest. Here they carry out the prevention of diseases of the musculoskeletal system, rheumatic diseases, sports injuries, diseases of the nervous system, respiratory tract and stress conditions. Visitors can choose from thermal pools, Turkish and Finnish baths, a medical rehabilitation center, gyms and a beauty salon. The main therapeutic factors of the resort are: hydrogen-carbonate thermal water with a temperature of +34.5 degrees, containing calcium and magnesium, natural fango mud (bentonite) and a healing mountain climate. The balneological resort Bled is located on the shores of the picturesque Lake Bled, surrounded by mountains and forests. The mountains protect it from cold winds, so there is a special mild microclimate here. The pools of local treatment centers receive water from thermal springs, which perfectly relieves stress and fatigue. The Terme Maribor thermal center is located on the territory of the Mariborskoe Pohorje ski resort, where you can undergo diagnostics and treatment using thermal pools, saunas, solariums and a Turkish bath. On the coast of the Adriatic Sea, where clean sea air is combined with a pleasant climate without sharp daily and seasonal fluctuations in temperature, the resort of Portorož is quite popular. Wellness programs include balneotherapy, thalassotherapy, all types of physiotherapy, massages, inhalations, using saline-alkaline marine sediments, "mother" water, sea therapeutic mud - "peloids" and thermal mineral water.

Turkey. The main resort for the treatment of diseases of the cardiovascular system, nervous system, musculoskeletal system, diseases of the kidneys and urinary tract, gynecological diseases and skin diseases is the resort of Pammukale. It is located on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea, a five-hour drive or bus from Antalya. Here, hot springs with a high concentration of calcium oxide come to the surface of the earth. Streams of mineral water, falling from the flat top of the mountain, created dazzling white cascades of salt, shimmering in the sun. Terraces are like huge bathtubs, water accumulates in them, forming shallow (“ankle-deep”) pools.

Balneo-climatic resort Cesme. It is located on the shores of the Aegean Sea to the west of the city of Izmir. Mild climate (average January temperature - about 10 degrees, July - about 25 degrees) and sandy beaches are used for climatotherapy. Water from mineral springs of various chemical composition is used for baths. Recommended for the treatment of non-specific diseases of the respiratory system, musculoskeletal system, functional diseases of the nervous system.

The balneological resort of Yalova is located 60 km from Istanbul in a picturesque area. Thermal springs are used for diseases of the digestive system, metabolism, genitourinary system, skin, gynecological diseases, and the musculoskeletal system.

Middle-mountain balneological resort Bursa. It is located at an altitude of 109 m above sea level. Mineral calcium-magnesium-sulphate and bicarbonate waters with a temperature of 39...58 degrees are used to treat diseases of the musculoskeletal system, gynecological, endocrine diseases and diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, Bursa is also a famous ski resort.

Czech. Tops the list of European countries leading in terms of tourist arrivals for spa treatment. The largest and most famous Czech health resort is Karlovy Vary. According to the National Tourism Administration of the Czech Republic, about 50 thousand people from more than 70 countries of the world visit it annually for treatment and about 2 million sightseers.

The history of the resort is inextricably linked with the discovery and development of mineral water sources. According to legend, the first healing spring was discovered by Emperor Charles IV, hunting in these places. Following the first, other sources were found. Today there are officially 12 of them. The most powerful among them is Vrzhidlo. It is a geyser that ejects about 2000 liters of hot water per minute to a height of 12 m.

According to their chemical composition, Karlovy Vary mineral waters are bicarbonate-sulfur-sodium chloride. A comprehensive scientific analysis of them was carried out by Dr. D. Becher (1725-1792), whose work was of inestimable importance for the development of balneology in Karlovy Vary. Through his efforts, in 1764, geyser salt began to be produced in large quantities, and then exported. Dr. Becher has achieved the introduction of progressive methods of treatment that have not lost their relevance today. The scientist promoted treatment with mineral water baths, as well as drinking it inside right next to the source, combined with long walks in the fresh air.

Many people came to the resort to improve their failing health. Peter I and Karl Marx, Beethoven and Bismarck, as well as Schiller, Goethe, Gogol, Turgenev, Goncharov, Sigmund Freud, and others visited here.

Karlovy Vary today welcomes visitors from all five continents. According to other sources, at present, more than 250 thousand people rest annually in the resorts of the Czech Republic, of which 80 thousand are from other countries. Wellness travel programs are becoming more and more popular. But the resort enjoys special love among Russian citizens, and German tourists due to the favorable ratio of price and quality of treatment.

In addition to Karlovy Vary, in the Czech Republic there is one of the oldest resorts in Europe, Teplice, the world's first radon spa resort Jachymov (diseases of the musculoskeletal system and some diseases of the nervous system are treated here), Marianske Lazne resorts (there are about 140 mineral water springs, of which 39 are used for medicinal purposes; diseases of the kidneys and urinary tract, metabolism, some diseases of the nervous system are treated here) and Frantiskovy Lazne (diseases of the circulatory system, heart defects and diseases of the musculoskeletal system are treated at this spa). apparatus), Janske Lazne, where the first sanatorium in Europe was opened, specializing in the treatment of childhood paralysis, as well as Luhacovice - the largest spa in East Bohemia, not only water, but also special mud is used for treatment. The main group of diseases that are treated here are diseases of the respiratory tract, diseases of the digestive tract and metabolism.

In Western Europe, the most famous centers of health tourism are Austria, Germany and France.

Austria has a number of health resorts. Treatment takes place with the help of mineral, thermal springs, therapeutic mud, as well as clean air and picturesque nature. The names of Austrian balneological resorts begin with the word "Bad", which in German means "bath".

The most popular and prestigious place of treatment is Baden. And it is popular because it is located near the capital of the country - Vienna, so treatment in Baden can be combined with an interesting excursion program. Baden has sulfuric springs, which are used to prevent diseases of the musculoskeletal system, rheumatic diseases, chronic fatigue and increase vitality. To the south of Baden there are also such thermal resorts as Bad Woslau, Bad Fischau, where the Crystal Therm spa center operates, and Laa. The Laa Baths are considered the most modern baths in Austria.

In the land of Salzburg, 80 km from Salzburg, on the northern slopes of the Hohe Tauern mountain range, there is one of the most famous thermal spas in Europe - Bad Gastein. He gained fame in the 15th century, when the Duke of Styria, Frederick, was cured of gangrene by local waters. In total, Bad Gastein has 18 thermal springs enriched with radon and nitrogen, with a water temperature of +47 degrees. These waters help in the treatment of diseases of the respiratory tract, musculoskeletal system and joints. 8 km to the north is another resort - Bad Hofgashain. Bad Hofgastein is a more modern resort than the aristocratic Bad Gastein. There is an ultra-modern Spa Center with thermal pools, massage rooms and saunas. The peculiarity of these two resorts is that they are located in the mountains and offer unlimited opportunities for skiing.

You can combine treatment and skiing in the resort of Bad Kleinkirchheim, which is located in the northern part of Carinthia. Here, on the basis of local hot springs, 2 thermal complexes are equipped, which can be visited for free with a ski pass (subscription for lifts and buses in the ski region). The thermal complexes also offer a wide variety of wellness treatments, including mud wraps, massages, saunas and baths.

On the territory of Upper Austria, in the picturesque lake district of the Salzkammergut, there is a balneological resort of Bad Ischl, which is known as the "Royal Spa", because here, since the 19th century, representatives of the imperial family of the Habsburgs have been treated. Even today, Bad Ischl is a world-class resort. The Bad Ischl resort specializes in the treatment of diseases of the respiratory system, digestion, musculoskeletal system, cardiovascular system, and gynecological diseases. For this, sodium chloride, sulfate sodium chloride and sulfide waters, as well as silt sulfide muds are used.

Many healing springs are also discovered in the eastern part of Styria. Here, 50 km east of Graz in the town of Bad Blumau, there is a thermal spa "Rogner Bad Blumau". It operates on the basis of three local healing hot springs with water temperatures from +47 to +110 degrees. The local waters are alkaline hydrocarbonate sodium-magnesium-calcium. With their help, metabolic disorders, diseases of the intestines, liver and biliary tract are treated. Also in the east of Styria are such small thermal resorts as Bad Gleichenberg, Bad Radkersburg, Bad Waltersdorf, Köflach and Loipersdorf.

Belgium. The most famous resort in Belgium is Spa, located in the east of the kingdom, not far from Liege. In the city, known for its mineral water sources, in addition to balneological health centers, there is the “Museum of the City of Waters” and a gallery with works by artists who captured local landscapes.

In Germany, perhaps the most famous hospital is Baden-Baden. The reason for such popularity is the thermal springs, the healing power of which was known to the ancient Romans in the III century. A special spirit of antiquity hovers over this city - there are ancient buildings, well-groomed streets and parks, luxurious shops and hotels, luxurious villas, a theater, a philharmonic society, an exhibition hall, the Palace of Festivals, a spa house and a casino. A treatment course in Baden-Baden is recommended for general weakness and lethargy, disorders of the motor apparatus, functional disorders after a stroke, and a number of other diseases. There are currently 20 sources in use. Their temperature ranges from +56 to +69. According to its composition, these are artesian sodium chloride warm mineral waters.

The most popular resort on the Baltic coast is Timmendorf Beach. Its conditional center is a resort town in the Luebecker Butch Bay. Beach and forest walks are popular here, and there are many restaurants and shops. Local entertainment - "Sea World", a sea attraction with 30 aquariums and all kinds of marine animals; "bird park", as well as the amusement park Hansa Park, located 10 km from the Timmendorf beach.

There are many health resorts in France. The level of service here is very high, so they are considered among the most expensive in the world. The presence of sea water and mild climate contributed to the development of thalassotherapy. The Institutes of Thalassotherapy help in cases of weakened immunity, overwork, circulatory disorders, overweight, pain in the joints and back. The mineral resorts of France are also known to the whole world. With the help of inhalations and drinking courses, diseases of the kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, liver and ENT diseases are treated.

Biarritz (Atlantic coast). The city has a large Institute of Thalassotherapy. Its main clients are people with a state of physical and nervous exhaustion - fatigue, decreased emotional tone, stress, insomnia - overweight people, cellulite, heaviness in the legs, people who often suffer from respiratory diseases, diseases of the musculoskeletal system (back pain, joints), immunocompromised people. All modern methods of thalassotherapy are used: various types of showers, underwater massage, ultrasonic treatment, sea aerosols, algae therapy, electrotherapy.

Dax (Atlantic coast). This is a resort with the use of thermal waters and therapeutic mud. The temperature of thermal waters here reaches +64 degrees, it contains radon, sulfur, iron, calcium and magnesium. Sulfate-silt therapeutic mud contains a special flora - bioglea. With the help of the procedures offered at the resort, they treat various types of arthrosis and arthritis, joint and muscle pain, venous, endocrinological and gynecological diseases, restore physical fitness and immunity.

La Baule (Brittany, Atlantic coast). The resort is famous for the longest beach on the European coast. It stretched for 9 km. One of the Institutes is located in a three-storey complex in the same building as the Royal Hotel. It offers sea treatments, massages, relaxation and beauty treatments to treat fatigue, stress, back and joint pain, overweight and tobacco addiction. At the service of clients are an indoor pool with heated sea water, a multifunctional pool with jets, bubbling showers, geysers, cascades and countercurrent, a fitness center, saunas, Turkish baths, a solarium, and a jacuzzi.

Evian (Lake Geneva). The resort is located on the shores of Lake Geneva. Evian mineral water is the main component of the treatment courses. It is a slightly mineral, bicarbonate water with a low content of magnesium. It helps with a state of chronic fatigue and stress, if it is necessary to improve physical fitness, with diseases of the urinary tract - urolithiasis, chronic cystitis, chronic pyelonephritis, with metabolic disorders - with gout, dyslipidemia. The treatment includes a drinking course, balneotherapy courses, diet food and beauty treatments for the face and body.

Juan-les-Pins (Cote d'Azur). This is one of the most inexpensive resorts. In the treatment, sea water saturated with microelements, seaweed and mud are used here. This resort provides prevention of respiratory diseases, diseases of the musculoskeletal system, strengthens the immune system, and offers cosmetic procedures for the face and body.

Vichy. The resort is located in the central region of France, 3.5 hours drive from Paris. It is famous for its mineral baths and Vichy cosmetics. In the treatment, bicarbonate-sodium waters of fifteen springs are used, six of which are drinking. The temperature of the spring waters ranges from +16 to +75 degrees. It offers drinking courses, massages, various types of baths, including carbonic, aqua aerobics, mud and algae therapy, intestinal lavage and diet food. The resort has 2 large hospitals - "Dom" and "Kalu", as well as the health center "Celesten". Clinic "Dom" has its own dermato-cosmetic center.

Switzerland. The mountain air itself is beneficial, and in combination with a high level of medicine, it makes many resorts in the country attractive for treating the nervous system and improving the body.

Of the mountain climatic resorts, the following should be noted: Arosa, Davos, Interlaken, Lezen, Pontresina, St. Moritz, Zermatt. The main healing factors are clean, dry, ozone-rich air and mild climate. It is recommended for the treatment of lung disease, anemia and functional disorders of the nervous system.

Of the balneological resorts, Baden, Bad Ragaz, Baie-les-Bains, St. Moritz, Schinznach are very popular. The main healing factors are mineral springs. Their thermal waters are used for baths, irrigation, swimming in the pool, for drinking cures, as well as mud treatments. They successfully treat diseases of the heart and blood vessels, the musculoskeletal system, digestion, as well as gynecological diseases.

Introduction

1. Features of health tourism

1.1 Medical tourism as the main type of tourism

1.2 Resort types

2. Health tourism in Europe

2.1 Health tourism in Northern and Southern Europe

2.2 Health tourism in Eastern and Western Europe

Conclusion

Bibliography

Application

Introduction

In this course work, health tourism is considered in detail.

The purpose of the work is to determine the role of this type of tourism and its significance in the modern life of people.

The object of the study is Europe and its health resorts.

The subject of the study is health tourism in Europe.

1. Features of health tourism

1.1 Medical tourism as the main type of tourism

Many resorts have wellness programs (health, anti-stress, cosmetology) that are suitable for absolutely healthy people. Hotels with thalassotherapy centers are in constant demand at seaside resorts.

Israel (the resorts of the Dead Sea), Egypt and Turkey with their seaside climatic resorts remain traditional places of health tourism for residents of the CIS countries.

All this creates the prerequisites for the accelerated development of health tourism throughout the world.

Geographic location of the region. Popular places of tourism and recreation, formed resorts and tourist excursion centers (historical, cultural, religious, ethnographic). Characteristics of the main economic and social recreational resources.

Implementation of preventive health improvement of the population, rehabilitation of patients and organization of animation and leisure activities in the sanatorium-resort complexes "Volzhsky cliff", "Sergievsky Mineralnye Vody", "Samarsky", "Mozhaysky" of the Samara region.

Functions of the modern resort and recreation system in Russia: health-improving, rehabilitation, preventive, recreational and animation. Resort and recreational potential of the Chelyabinsk region. Mineral mud of Lake Podbornoe. Medical tourism centers.

Location Evpatoria, the natural conditions of the resort. Assessment of the conditions and factors for the development of the resort. Sanatorium and medical possibilities of Evpatoria. Socio-economic conditions of development and the ecological state of the resort. Transport accessibility of the resort.

Balneological and mud resorts of the Stavropol and Krasnodar regions. The main therapeutic factors of resorts: mineral waters, balneological resources. The versatility of resorts, effective treatment of diseases.

resort classification. Organization of medical and preventive activities. The specifics of the sanatorium-resort regime. The main elements of treatment and prevention activities. Management of medical and preventive activities in resort institutions.

characteristics of Romania. Romania is a country with a favorable geographical position, rich natural resources and many unique historical and cultural monuments. Resorts of Romania. Balneo-mud resorts. climatic resorts. Ski resorts.

Acquaintance with the history of creation, climatic conditions, indications for treatment (diseases of the musculoskeletal system, post-burn scars) and a set of treatments (hydrogen sulfide baths, massage) at the Matsesta balneo-climatic resort.

Ugra as a unique natural complex, features of its climatic conditions and relief, diversity of flora and fauna. Types of tourism developed in Ugra and their future prospects. The prevalence of balneological tourism in the resorts.

Kaliningrad Territorial Resort Administration of Trade Unions. New methods of diagnostics and treatment. Rationality of operation of resorts. Kaliningrad resorts specialize in climatotherapy. Republican status of the resort.

Consideration of the essence, tasks and functions (treatment, rehabilitation, cultural and educational recreation) of balneology. Acquaintance with the main problems of the development of the resort business in Russia. Features of the current state of health tourism in the country.

Natural healing resources of Russia as the basis of the resort industry of the state, assessment of their reserves and prospects for extraction in the future, classification and varieties. Medical tourism in Russia, areas and features of the use of natural resources.

Wellness rest is a comprehensive assistance to everyone who wants to improve their health, get medical advice from specialists. Features of health tourism. Importance of traditional Chinese medicine and acupuncture. Geography of tourism.

Medical tourism as a type of ecological tourism and sanatorium treatment. Recovery from the point of view of travel technology. Specifics of health tourism. Examples of health programs offered at resorts.

The specifics of the organization of health resort tourism as one of the main types of tourism and its impact on the country's economy. Health resort tourism in Russia and abroad. Prospects for the development of international tourism activities.

Typology and general characteristics of Russian resorts developed and used for the treatment, rehabilitation and rehabilitation of natural areas. Study of the organization of health-improving tours on the example of the sanatorium "Blue Bird". Analysis of the services of the sanatorium.

The current state of health tourism in Russia, the prospects for its development. The history of the emergence of medical resorts in the country. Analysis of natural healing factors and tourist infrastructure in the sanitary-resort complex of the Krasnodar Territory.

Characteristics of the Stavropol Territory. Analysis of health-improving factors of the Caucasian Mineral Waters. Balneological resorts of the region, ecological, water and mountain tourism. Strategy for the development of a sanatorium-resort and tourist-recreational complex

Features and types of health tourism. Analysis of recreational and health-improving resources on Sakhalin that contribute to the development of health-improving tourism. Characteristics of the sanitary-resort business on Sakhalin and the prospects for its development.

Abstract plan: Treatment at resorts…………………………………..………...2 Balneological resorts……………………………………………………………………………………3 Resorts with carbonic waters……… …………………….3 Resorts with hydrogen sulfide waters……………….………4

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