The view of pretty houses built using half-timbered technology is pleasing to the eye, makes you want to touch these beautiful buildings with your hands and settle in them. Put this beautiful house on your suburban area you can without problems, for this you need to observe all the subtleties of half-timbered technology and choose high-quality materials for construction.

What is fachwerk

Translated from German, this is a panel in operation, i.e. it is a frame structure that was used in medieval architecture in Central and Northern Europe. Presumably, it arose as a result of the processing of the construction techniques of the ancient Romans.

Back in the first centuries of our era, the ancient Romans built military camps using the so-called Roman concrete. The Romans, during construction, wooden log cabins were hammered with a mixture of cement and gravel, i.e. they built a wooden frame, then filled it with stone or brick with cement mortar, and vertical posts, struts, horizontal bars were not hidden inside, but brought to the surface of the wall.

The base of the frame was whitewashed with lime and chalk, while the frame itself remained dark, the natural color of wood. Thus, a peculiar pattern was created, with a decorative motif, and in the urban development of the 14-16th century cities of Germany and England, the fachwerk pattern is quite complex.

Foundation construction

Before the construction of the building, the site should be prepared, the soil should be surveyed. Any foundation used in construction is suitable for building a house using half-timbered technology. wooden houses.
But it must be borne in mind that a half-timbered building, like any wooden frame structure, is quite light, so the supporting structures will not significantly put pressure on the foundation.

If this building is erected on a site where there are heaving soils, a reliable foundation is needed to prevent it from being squeezed out by groundwater into winter time. In conclusion, we can say that the foundation should be chosen, first of all, focusing on the characteristics of the soil. It can be tape, slab, column or pile.

Frame installation

To isolate from moisture, a layer of waterproofing is laid over the foundation, then the first strapping crown is mounted from a bar with a section of 50x200 mm. The beam must first be treated with antiseptics. Details of the lower part of the frame are attached to the strapping crown.

The rigidity and strength of the frame of a half-timbered house is given by a variety of connections of parts, such as: a hidden spike, a dovetail, half a tree, wooden dowels are used to fix the parts.
Many thousands of wooden houses in Europe, which have been standing for 300-500 years, were built in this way and this is the best proof of the reliability of this technology.

Dovetail mount

This is an old method of fastening wooden parts, a rather complex and time-consuming type of connection, it is often not necessary to use it, fixing is enough wooden elements at an interval of 3-4 meters to ensure the necessary rigidity of the structure. "Dovetail" is used when connecting the elements of the supporting structure in the most critical places.

Main distinguishing features

Half-timbered houses have a rigid load-bearing frame made of vertical racks, horizontal beams and braces (diagonal elements), they are the main distinguishing feature of the half-timbered construction.

Braces give stability to frames. In order to hide the fasteners, the visible parts of the frame, not covered by the skin, are connected to each other in a groove and a spike.

Rack installation step

The installation step of the load-bearing racks depends on the requirements of the project, where door and window openings are taken into account, they can be different in width, which affects the distance between the racks, but not more than 3-4 meters.

Connection of floor beams and rafters

For floor beams and for rafters, an edged board of one section 50x200 mm is used, pre-treated with fire and bioprotective agents.

All elements of the wall frame, which will be hidden under the sheathing, since they are not visible parts of the half-timbered structure, are mounted from an edged board with a section of 45x145 mm treated with fire-retardant preparations.
At the end of the installation of the walls, they mount truss system hipped roof. The technology of building a house, until the walls are sewn up, differs little from the usual frame.

Installation of wall cladding elements

Modern technologies, when insulating walls, no longer use reeds and clay for these purposes, which used to fill the space between the supporting beams.

Now for these purposes modern heaters such as basalt wool, gas silicate blocks are used. home distinguishing feature half-timbered construction lies in the fact that the posts, beams and braces in the wall of the outer plane must remain visible.

DSP wall cladding

The outer walls of the house are sewn up with cement-bonded particle boards, after which a windproof material is laid, then a layer of insulation, such as basalt wool, is covered with a vapor barrier material, and then the wall is sewn up from the inside with the same slab for internal works, plasterboard or glass-magnesium sheets.

glass-magnesium sheet

Glass-magnesium sheet (SML) is a new, high-quality building material, it can replace drywall, gypsum fiber sheet, asbestos-cement boards and fiber-cement panels.

LSU is not combustible and moisture resistant, in addition, it has good shock-resistant characteristics, like fiber cement panels, it is quite difficult to break through it.

Choice of roofing material

In the modern construction of such houses, metal tiles are chosen as the roofing material.

Fine finishing of external walls

Finished Wall panels plastered and painted with white paint, the heads of the floor beams left visible (since roof overhangs are not sewn up using this technology, this is also a distinctive feature of half-timbered architecture), as well as wooden frame elements (racks, beams and braces) are coated with tinting impregnation for wood based natural oils, preferably dark shades.

Frame elements visually divide the white walls and give the house a special expressiveness. Designers using different colors, from light brown to black, make very interesting design projects. The modern market represents a large assortment of plastic windows, the prices of which are not so high. Combination of plastic windows beautiful shape with a variety of colors, gives an individual look to the building.

Features of interior decoration

Ceiling beams, inside the house, also remain visible and act as elements of home decoration.

Half-timbered houses appeared in Europe in the Middle Ages. Their walls were a frame made of timber, the voids of which were filled with stone, rubble or brick. The timber frame divides the half-timbered facade into rectangles and triangles, which gives the building a distinctive design.

Modern half-timbered houses

Modern fachwerk resembles its predecessor only in that it is made in the same architectural style. The projects provide that the beams and racks of the frame are made of impregnated with an antiseptic or glued timber, and the jibs are made of edged boards. A heater is laid in the voids of the frame - mineral or stone wool. This fachwerk design has good strength and heat-saving characteristics. On the facade, only areas filled with insulation are veneered, leaving the frame free.

Now in the architecture of half-timbered houses the Art Nouveau style dominates. Projects of half-timbered houses in the Art Nouveau style are distinguished by:

• large roof overhangs;
• wide beams;
• glass walls and large windows.

This creates a visual effect of the absence of integral walls and only the frame catches the eye. The popularity of half-timbered houses has led to the fact that not only frame buildings are finished in this style, but also houses built using other technologies. At the same time, materials that imitate timber give a characteristic appearance to the facade.

Glass half-timbered walls are used to decorate verandas, living rooms, summer houses. For all their attractiveness, they do not provide good thermal insulation of houses.

Stages of construction of half-timbered houses

The construction of half-timbered houses includes several stages, each of which determines the service life and performance characteristics buildings, so deviations from the project are unacceptable.

Preparatory stage

The first thing to do is:

• purchase land;
• select a project;
• bring temporary communications to the site;
• prepare materials.

When choosing land plot take into account the proximity of communications, consumer services and trade, the condition of roads and the environmental situation.

A typical project will cost much less than an individual one. Errors are practically eliminated in it and the construction technology is worked out in detail. According to a typical project, you can order a house kit, which will greatly simplify and speed up the assembly of the frame. A house built according to an individual project is expensive, but the developer has the opportunity to live in the house of his dreams.

After choosing a project, electricity and water are brought to the construction site, the territory is fenced and materials are delivered.

Foundation

Half-timbered construction technology allows you to build light walls, so the requirements for foundations are significantly reduced - it is enough to build columnar or pile foundations. Concrete foundations should gain strength within a month, foundations for screw piles can be loaded immediately after screwing. Two layers of waterproofing are laid on top of the foundations.

Walls

The technology for erecting half-timbered walls is as follows:

• beams of the lower trim are attached to the foundation on anchor bolts (beam 150x150 - 200x200 mm);
• racks are attached to the beams on temporary braces (beam or edged board 50x150 mm);
• at the level of the floor beams, the upper trim is assembled from a bar;
• align the frame and install permanent jibs.

Roof

Wooden floor beams are laid on the upper trim, the Mauerlat is laid and the truss system is assembled. A crate is nailed to the rafters and roofing material is laid. Heavy roofing materials application is not recommended.

Completion of construction

At the final stage:

• fill window and door openings;
• insulate walls and roofs;
• build internal communications;
• perform internal and external wall cladding;
• laying floors and sheathing the ceiling.

The technology for insulating a half-timbered house has no special features - stone wool slabs are inserted between the frame bars in several layers and covered with a windproof membrane from the side of the street. Communications are laid inside the walls. For interior cladding you can apply any Decoration Materials, for outdoor - OSB, moisture-resistant plywood, siding, cement-fiber boards.

Advantages and disadvantages of fachwerk technology

Half-timbered houses have the following advantages:

• a peculiar style of facade design;
• strong and durable fachwerk construction;
• high construction speed;
• environmental and fire safety;
• warm walls.

Disadvantages arise when construction technology is violated and low-quality materials are used.

Anyone who is familiar with carpentry can build half-timbered houses with their own hands. If you assemble a half-timbered frame from a house kit, the qualification requirements for builders are much lower.

Half-timbered style originated in the 14th century in Germany, some buildings have been preserved to this day.

Now the style is experiencing a renaissance, because there was a great general interest in history, and there was a desire to move the construction to a greater extent on an environmentally friendly level.

Initially, these buildings were erected on the spot, the dimensions depended on the number of openings for windows and doors. The pillars remained unhewn, the logs were dug into the ground, they also trimmed the openings. Rafters were laid along the girders, the roof was made of straw. Clay or earthen floors were erected.

To prevent the poles from rotting, they decided to put them on a fundamental foundation made of stone. Racks began to be processed with the advent of structural wood. Over time, a particularly stable format was determined - a triangle, so inclined struts were introduced into the style of the half-timbered structure.

The design has acquired a complete look with the advent of girders, racks and diagonal braces. The invariability of the format of the frame structure was ensured by the rigid combination “on a secret spike”, “on a dovetail”, connected by a dowel mount.

The tiered increase in area has become a useful function to preserve the foundation from dampness. To reduce rain damage to the walls of the facade in the Middle Ages, each next floor of the building was built with a slightly larger area.

Half-timbered spaces were filled with adobe over braided branches. Wall areas were filled with adobe or adobe, plastered, sometimes painted.

Half-timbered style in the modern world

This type of construction of houses is one of the varieties of frame housing construction.

The load-bearing purpose is performed by a frame made of wood.

It is more successful to use glued laminated timber for this, because it does not deform.

At the same time, special connection methods, performed at different angles, endow the frame and, consequently, the house with stronger rigidity.

An important point is the absence of metal fasteners, all joints of the timber and beams are made using wooden fastening, pins and other elements.

For the construction of the walls of the house, any materials are used. If adobe was originally used, then in modern variations OSB, brick and even glass are used. This turned out to be possible, since the walls are not load-bearing, and the entire load goes to. It, in turn, is not closed, as it is an element of architecture.

These houses are distinguished by special warmth, including due to the use of insulation. A huge bonus will be unlimited layout variations. Due to the fact that the walls do not belong to the supporting structure, they can be moved, completely remove the internal and external partitions.

It is better to entrust the construction to professional specialists. Then you can be sure of the reliability and quality of construction, and this work will not take much time. But it is also possible to build a half-timbered house with your own hands. To do this, you must have initial experience with wood.

Building a house in half-timbered style: fundamental nuances

A simpler variation of recreating a half-timbered house is the installation of a structure strictly taking into account the main technological points. In order to better understand and understand the technology in the future, we will analyze the main nuances of a half-timbered house with our own hands in step-by-step instructions:

• We will treat wooden materials with a special antiseptic, which will prevent the occurrence and spread of mold, fungus and reduce the absorbency of wood.
• Install the frame of the building.
• Let's fill the frame with sound and heat-insulating materials.
• Let's do roofing.
• We carry out interior and exterior wall decoration.

From the beginning of the construction of buildings in the style of fachwerk, it was believed that they were intended only in those regions where mild climatic conditions prevailed. But technologies are being improved and today for half-timbered structures it is proposed to use insulating panels, energy-saving glazing, and underfloor heating systems.

Prepare the area for construction

• Ahead of the start of construction work, it is necessary to prepare a site on which the future house will stand and explore the soil. As a base for a house, any one used in the construction of wooden buildings is suitable. After all, the ease of construction and its load-bearing components, which are inherent in any type of wooden frame building, will not create much pressure on the foundation area.
• If the soil in the selected area is characterized by an abundance of heaving soils, we build the strongest foundation so that it can prevent soil from being squeezed out by water on frosty days. It is necessary to give preference to the foundation with a focus on the characteristics of the soil. They will help you choose a tape, columnar or pile type.

We carry out the installation of the frame

To prevent the appearance of moisture in the building from above on the foundation, we lay out a layer of waterproofing, after which we will carry out work on the strapping crown of timber.

The beam section should correspond to 50 by 200 mm.

Before mounting the skeleton, we will treat the timber with an antiseptic.

When the crown is prepared, attach the lower part of the skeleton to it.

To ensure rigidity, we will use parts for fastening of various types (mentioned above):

• Buildings in the style of fachwerk are characterized by a rigid frame. It contains vertical and horizontal beams, as well as braces (diagonal elements) - this individual characteristic of the structure gives it special stability. To make fasteners invisible and veil the visible elements of the skin, we will use a connection in the groove and tenon.
• Planed polished from coniferous tree. To build a house using this technology, the material is pre-treated with protective equipment. Often, metal beams are used to build the frame, their use gives the structure additional strength.
• We will install the supporting racks, according to the requirements of the plan, we will take into account the width of the openings. The gap between the pillars of the supports directly comes from the width of the openings, but still it should not be more than four meters.
• To install the floor beams, we will choose an edged board (the cross section is 50 by 200 mm.), We will process it with a biological and fire-retardant mixture. We will carry out the installation of frame parts that are not visible under the skin, using an edged board with a section of 45 by 145 mm. We will also process it with a biological fire-retardant mixture.

By the time the installation of the walls has been completed, we will make a truss four-pitched roof system. Installation of the frame of the building in half-timbered style at this stage, differs little from the installation of a traditional frame

Fillers for wall surfaces

After completing the skeleton, you can begin to seal the gaps between the details of the walls. We fill in the resulting grid. Brick, stone, aerated concrete crumb are used as a filler. In modern buildings, wood and tile materials in sheets are often used. In the form of OSB, moisture-resistant plywood, lining, gypsum-fiber materials, etc. When choosing a material for filling walls, it is advised to take into account that the products must be: especially moisture-resistant, excellently durable, light, environmentally friendly, low thermal conductivity.

When using stone or brick to fill the walls, it is worth remembering even in the design that a sufficiently powerful one is required for such a capital and heavy house. It is necessary to make its calculation taking into account the material of the walls.

When filling the core, one should not forget that its beams from the outside must remain visible - in general, the filling materials should not completely hide the entire outer wall surface. WITH inside buildings we use various variations- it all depends on the style of the interior

If we are building an extraordinary building, then double-glazed windows will act as a filler for the walls.

The result will be natural lighting of the rooms to the maximum and a panoramic view around the building.

Only the abundance of glass does not contribute to the conservation of heat in the room.

Even by installing energy-saving double-glazed windows, in regions with severe frosts, this will not help to save heat.

The final finishing of wall surfaces can be decorated, for example, with tiles that imitate brickwork, plaster or clapboard.

Roof of a half-timbered building

Often, an ordinary gable roof is installed in a half-timbered house. It is in perfect harmony with the overall architectural style of the building.

A characteristic feature of these buildings is the absence attic floor and attic space. In addition, half-timbered houses are characterized by wide roof overhangs. They perfectly shield the walls of the house from precipitation, and block the rooms from the abundance of the sun on summer days.

Roofing can be presented in different variations. For example, corrugated board, euroslate, metal tiles. In view of the tangible mass, it is not recommended to use natural tiles as a roof covering.

Heating system

Heating in a built house must certainly be modern type. It can be represented by: recuperators, fuel pumps, solar collectors.

The optimal variation for space heating will be a floor heating system, because there will be almost no space for radiators due to the large number of double-glazed windows. Recommend installing a fireplace additional source heat. It is more successful if the fireplace is made of cast iron and with a closed firebox, which has a heat-resistant glass fencing.

Indoor interior

The special construction of the half-timbered frame also implies a special creation of the interior inside the building.

To equip a building in this style, it is possible to resort to any variation: from country to minimalism:

• You can artificially add the effect of antiquity to the beams, use wood details in the decoration, lay the floors with “antique” tiles, planks, arrange massive pieces of retro furniture, use coarse fabrics and rugs made using the “ hand made». home appliances it is convenient to hide behind the facade of the cabinet or in some structures. By placing a German stove, in the future, we will be able to enjoy the comfort and charm of old European countries.
• When choosing minimalism, it is recommended to pre-plan the glazing of areas. The house will be filled with space and light. At the same time, it is advised to paint the details of the frame structure and the rafters in a milky color, and lay out the floors with whitewashed parquet. Light palette walls, a discreet fireplace, a small number of pieces of furniture on the ground floor - and the half-timbered house turns into a slightly strict, but especially light housing in a minimalist modern style.
• When decorating classics, beams are advised to be carved or turned into sculptures. The floors can be lined with wood, erect deaf internal partitions, pasting them with wallpaper. This will change the interior beyond recognition. Solid pieces of furniture in the classics, exquisite fabrics, solid details can turn the half-timbered space into a classic room.
• You can simply recreate the half-timbered style. Of course, this is the conditional name of the style. In fact, the internal entourage of a half-timbered house is (and was) diverse. They were united only by the hearth and the presence of a frame. Starting to create an interior in the half-timbered style, we note the emphasis on the details of the frame, painting them in a contrasting tone. The floors are made of wood or stone (worn tiles). When constructing partitions inside, it is necessary to preserve the visible frame, as well as outside the building. Walls should also be lined with stone or sheathed with wood paneling. When performing additional partitions, it is advised to imitate frame elements using wooden overlays, creating a half-timbered layout.

Design solutions provide a great atmosphere for creativity - there is a chance to change volumes, combine and divide space, apply various zoning, etc.

Construction of a frame half-timbered house

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What is "half-timbered" and how to build using this technology and in this style

Rice. 1. The wooden frame of a half-timbered house consists of racks, beams, crossbars, struts, struts, upper and lower trims.

After erecting the frame of the house, at the next stage, the walls are filled with panels of fascines (in Europe, fascines are woven or knitted from willow twigs, and in East Asia - bamboo), coated with clay, adobe raw brick or, as well as natural stone.

Brick inserts are attached to the frame on pins inserted with one edge into beams or racks. Another old way of attaching brick inserts to the frame is to use trihedral rails that are attached along the perimeter of the opening to the inner surfaces of the frame. At the same time, a triangular groove is cut out in the extreme bricks for these slats.

Rice. 2. The strength and rigidity of the frame is given by the use of various types of spiked joints and cuts, fixed to increase strength with wooden dowels.

The gaps inevitably formed between the inserts and the details of the frame of the house in the old days were caulked with wool mixed with lime, and then plastered with lime mortar.

IN modern conditions gaps are sealed in approximately the same way, but more technologically advanced industrially produced sealing and finishing materials are used.

In addition, in order to turn a half-timbered building into a house that meets modern requirements for comfortable living, the walls must be insulated and additional soundproofing should be arranged in them.

However, they arrange additional heat and sound insulation, as a rule, from the inside of the walls, trying not to violate the traditional, historically established architectural style half-timbered building.

According to the established tradition, the wooden beams of the frame are painted in dark red, brown or even black. On plaster, the wooden frame is also traditionally outlined with a “thick” black line so that the details of the frame seem thicker, more massive and durable. Moreover, this technique is used both in Germany and in China. Very often, plastered panels are decorated with various floral ornaments, coats of arms, inscriptions or other images. If the filling is brick, then various geometrically correct, repeating patterns are laid out of the brick.

Most often, the starting material for the main element of a half-timbered house - filling - is clay, since it is not scarce, it is distributed almost everywhere and it can be obtained without causing any damage to the natural environment. Clay is a fine-grained sedimentary rock that is pulverulent when dry and plastic when wet. The diameter of its particles does not exceed 0.005 mm, but if the traditional technology of erecting half-timbered buildings is followed, dust is not formed during their subsequent operation.

Another common filling material is ceramic brick. The main raw material for its production is the clay described above, and therefore, at the stage of operation, the brick is safe for human health. However, when assessing the degree of environmental impact of ceramic materials, one should take into account the high energy consumption and industrial emissions at the stage of their production.

Occasionally used as filling natural stone. In most cases, natural stone is friendly to humans, moreover, already in its natural state it has the necessary building properties, the main of which is durability. In half-timbered construction, natural stone is used without any additional processing, so there is no waste, and when using local stone materials, the burden on the environment associated with its extraction and transportation is also reduced.

The roof of half-timbered houses, as a rule, is made of traditional materials: tiles, reeds and plates of natural or industrially produced slate. In humid climatic conditions, the walls of buildings are also covered with it. Currently, slate has already ceased to be made using asbestos, replacing it with other fibrous materials that are safe for human health.

However, when choosing modern building materials and technologies, one should exercise some caution and caution, since not all of them are combined with the historically established and peculiar architectural style of half-timbered buildings.

So, for external window sills and external floor rails, you should not use softwood. Even when treated with modern protective equipment, it has a limited service life.

For these purposes, it is better to use traditional oak, although it is more difficult to process and costs much more.

You should also not get carried away with wide openings for entrance doors and entrance gates, as heavy hinged doors will inevitably lead to deformation of wooden racks and frame beams over time. The distance between adjacent wooden posts should not exceed 120 cm, or if this distance still needs to be increased, steel structures should be used.

Fig.3. The project of a modern half-timbered house with all the elements of this traditional architecture and technology.

Also, care should be taken when using modern insulating and sealing materials when filling a half-timbered frame. The fact is that historically the walls of half-timbered houses always had gaps. This made it possible for many decades to avoid rotting of the wooden parts of the frame due to effective natural ventilation. When using modern sealing materials, it is necessary to provide for special ventilation gaps and channels, which is far from always possible to do without violating the traditional style of a half-timbered house.

Among the details that do not fit well with traditional trends in half-timbered architecture, one can single out metal doors with a large glazing area, especially if they have many rounded decorative elements. Absolutely not suitable for a half-timbered house modern plastic windows with wide openings devoid of small binding details. Such windows can completely destroy the architectural style and character of the building. A similar effect is achieved when the window openings are placed in a "step" in relation to the adjacent horizontal beams or strapping bars. We should not forget that the intersecting beams and racks should divide the wall space into even rectangles of the correct shape. Warped rectangles and squares are completely out of place on the facade of the house.

In contrast to the structural elements of the house, when choosing the method of finishing it, decorative details and color shades, the possibilities are much wider. The frame and its filling can be either in contrasting colors or painted in two similar shades of the same color, and even in the same color.

According to an old German tradition, at the end of construction work, a half-timbered house is decorated with branches of deciduous trees and a housewarming party is held.

Fachwerk is not only a construction technology, but also an architectural style

Despite the centuries-old history and more than respectable age, fachwerk remains popular in modern housing construction.

Fachwerk is a frame structure made of wooden beams, consisting of a system of racks, beams, crossbars, braces and strapping. It is the presence of braces, as well as a wide variety of joints, fixed with wooden dowels and giving the frame rigidity, that distinguishes half-timbered houses from other types of frame housing construction. Another difference is that the frame elements are not hidden under the skin, but protrude from the flat surface of the walls, visually dividing the walls into geometric sections and giving the building textural clarity and expressiveness. The space between the wooden beams of the frame is filled with a variety of building material and the walls themselves are covered with plaster.

On a note

In the old days, almost any material at hand was used as a filler for walls in half-timbered houses: clay, wood chips, adobe (a mixture of clay with reeds or straw), broken stone, and even construction debris. Wealthy citizens filled the interframe space with carved wooden panels.

To not drip from above

Very often in half-timbered structures, storey ledges are used: the upper floors hang over the lower ones, forming a kind of stepped ledges. You might think that the goal is to increase the area of ​​each subsequent floor. Partly it is. But this is only a consequence, and the main thing was something else. In such a cunning way, medieval architects protected the unbaked adobe walls with a wooden frame from destructive moisture, which primarily affected the facades of buildings with high gables and big amount windows.

Modern version

Today, for the frame, instead of conventional timber, glued timber is most often used, which is more durable and minimally prone to deformation and cracking. Factory-made glued beams and beams can have different sections and non-standard lengths (up to 18 m), which allows you to implement any architectural ideas. In addition to glued beams in modern half-timbered houses, a supporting frame made of a metal thermal profile can be used. It is possible to lay a modern fibrous insulation in a half-timbered frame, although due to the presence of braces, this procedure is noticeably more complicated, because in the thickness of the insulation there should in no case be empty "pockets".

Tradition and innovation

More expensive but very effective option"insulations" - energy-saving double-glazed windows. Facades can be glazed almost 100%, while creating a unique spirit in the house, which could be called the realm of space and light. The use of a large amount of glass does not affect the strength of the building. Custom-made double-glazed windows with low-emission glass (i-glass, K-glass) allow to achieve low heat loss levels that meet modern standards for heat retention in residential buildings. Which, in combination with modern heating systems, provides warmth and comfort with a very modest energy consumption. Well, to isolate yourself from immodest eyes, you just need to draw the curtains.

Fachwerk according to the "simplified"

There is a simplified version - the exterior and interior decoration of the house in the half-timbered style. It consists in the fact that wooden decorative elements imitating racks, beams and braces of a half-timbered frame. These wooden parts are painted, as a rule, in a dark contrasting color. This solution applies to houses built in various styles of different materials. Under the elegant half-timbered "skin" any constructive "skeleton" can be hidden: a frame, unplaned timber, brick or foam blocks.

Do-it-yourself half-timbered frame house - an example of a project and construction

The reputation of frame-type houses, including half-timbered ones, has been undermined in our country.

Maybe not hopeless, but serious enough. There are many reasons for this. After all, we all dreamed of the cheapest and affordable houses. And when, at the end of the last century, relatively inexpensive and energy-efficient frame structures finally appeared on the domestic market (for some reason, we immediately began to call them Canadian, although often they had nothing to do with Canada), everyone was delighted.

Here it is! It happened! simple and warm house! But instead of adopting Western experience in the construction and operation of such houses and creatively reworking it in order to adapt it to Russian conditions, customers and builders rushed to save on everything and everything.

The ideology of the customer, however, is quite understandable: pay less, but get more. As a result, "Canadian" houses first lost their air heating and cooling systems. After that, the systems of forced supply and exhaust ventilation also sank into oblivion.

The builders also contributed both to the "saving" of building materials and to the simplification of structures, which was often fraught with very unpleasant consequences. "Joint efforts" in a matter of years have led to the fact that most customers still do not want to hear about frame houses.

As a result, builders who know how to build good frame structures have been trying to restore their reputation for 15 years and prove that frame house was, is and, perhaps, for a long time will remain the most inexpensive, technologically advanced, energy efficient and economical type of building in operation.

They have to prove their correctness in practice to almost every customer, demonstrating the delivered objects. And advanced builders are even developing new frame construction technologies that are beneficial ... (do not be surprised!) For the customer.

However, unfortunately, mistrust has taken root somewhere very deeply, and, probably, that is why the volumes frame construction grow extremely slowly. But, fortunately, they are still growing.

How to restore prestige to the frame?

Back in 2007, the designers and builders of the company "Zaokskie prostory i landscapes" thought about this issue. They have developed a fairly simple and understandable modular system for the design and construction of half-timbered houses, the essence of which is as follows. The frame of the house is assembled from glued racks and beams with a section of 200 x 180 mm.

At the same time, the racks are mounted with a strictly defined step - approximately 2.5 m (from which it follows that the system is modular), which corresponds to twice the width of the drywall sheets, DSP and OSB boards used for sheathing the frame, and, therefore, reduces to minimum amount of waste.

In addition, such a powerful frame, which remains visible from the outside and from the inside, as is customary in half-timbered houses, ensures the strength and reliability of the assembled structure. It is curious that at the same time it lacks all kinds of struts and similar elements characteristic of the classic half-timbered house.

Instead, the rigidity of the structure is given by OSB or DSP sheets, mounted by surprise in the openings of the frame (the technology for filling openings is know-how).

To connect the wooden frame elements to each other, original unified nodes were developed (there are about ten of them in total), which is convenient for designers - now they immediately create not only a house project, but also a special file that allows you to control an automated line that manufactures necessary racks and beams.

The new system is no less convenient for builders. After all, ready-made parts with connecting cups and spikes and even with grooves for the installation of metal connecting elements(they are also used in the design).

At the same time, nothing needs to be customized - select the desired fragment from the brought packs (assembly is carried out in a strictly defined order, which cannot be violated), mount it in place and fix the connection indicated in the accompanying documentation metal part(tukhari screws, metal perforated elements, etc. are used - the need to use each of them is determined by the designer).

If some part does not fit, the assembler (it is more correct to call it that way), without trying to adjust something on his own, as is usually customary at a construction site, stops and calls the foreman.

However, the benefits new system this is not exhausted. Since the structure being created is not subject to shrinkage, it is permissible to install large-sized double-glazed windows in it directly into the openings formed by the frame, thus saving on their expensive frame framing. But that's not all.

The created structure can be insulated to the degree of energy efficiency required by the customer. If the client wants to build a passive house - no problem.

HALF-WORKING HOUSE ON THE SLOPE

About the construction of a half-timbered house with a total area of ​​302 m 2 by the company "Zaokskie expanses and landscapes" using its own technology, is described in sufficient detail in a photo report from the construction site. We will add only some comments.

The building site is located near the museum-reserve "Polenovo". The terrain there is quite hilly, the height difference from one edge of the site purchased by customers to the other was about 6 m.

The height difference in the "building spot" is 1.5 m, which forced the builders to make a stepped pile-grillage foundation and a basement ceiling. The steps that appeared inside the house helped not conditionally, but actually divided the interior space of the first floor into residential and public areas with ceilings different heights. Living quarters on the second floor are located on the same level.

Let's add a few words about cost savings ... of the customer.

If you build a similar house using a modern, but, let's say, standard half-timbered technology, then due to an increase in material consumption and a lengthening of the construction time, it will cost about 500 thousand rubles. expensive. And if wide window openings are filled with double-glazed windows inserted into the frame, for example, from warm aluminum, then the cost of construction will increase by about 800 thousand rubles. And, as it seems to us, the customer, moving to new house, will gladly spend the saved money, for example, on furnishing.

Half-timbered house - project and construction: photo

In the era of maximum development of design and construction, many people dream of their own ideal housing, and in order to make this dream come true, it is necessary to take care not only of the internal environment, but also of the external appearance of the building. At the same time, the choice of a stylistic direction depends on many factors, including the surrounding small architectural forms, the landscape, as well as financial and technical capabilities. However, the fundamental criterion for choosing the direction of styling is the taste preferences of the future homeowner. Despite the fact that in this case everything seems obvious, the situation is somewhat complicated by the increased requirements for private real estate. In Russia, more and more often you can find elite suburban villages, cottages in which are made in the same style. An unusual decision, gaining more and more popularity are groups of cottages, the facade of which is made in the half-timbered style, which came to us from Western Europe. The historical quarters of the old towns of Germany, Switzerland and Holland are built up with similar buildings, reminiscent of gingerbread houses from a fairy tale, which fascinate tourists and are attractions in themselves. These buildings are wrapped in the charm of Europe and the spirit of antiquity, which hovers even over modern half-timbered buildings. Thanks to the development of innovative technologies in construction, complemented by the high professionalism of the craftsmen, each developer gets the opportunity to recreate half-timbered houses with their own hands. To make sure that you want to have such a house in private ownership, check out the materials in this article, which discusses the features of building a half-timbered house.

Half-timbered houses: a brief historical background

The name of the fachwerk style, which comes from the German fach - panel, werk - structure, and in general translates as "frame structure", came to us from Germany, where this architectural solution popular since the 5th century. First of all, it is necessary to understand that a fachwerk is a building structure of a special type, the basis of which is a rigid frame made of timber and formed by a system of elements of vertical, horizontal and diagonal elements, such as posts, beams and braces. In this case, the gaps between the supporting elements are filled various materials. If earlier it was stone, clay or adobe, then the development of today's construction industry allows us to diversify this list with modern insulation and sandwich panels. Despite the fact that such wooden frame structures are common throughout the entire European state, they are consistently associated with gingerbread houses from German fairy tales. Historically, the half-timbered style was used in the construction of not only residential areas, but also warehouses, industrial buildings, warehouses and even small churches. It is important that frame structures in the half-timbered style play not only a functional, but also a decorative role, which is due to their distinctive feature - the visible frame of the structure, which emphasizes the shape of one-story and two-story buildings with its cellular structure.

At the moment, frame construction methods are used in the construction of luxury houses. Characteristic style - the absence of any restrictions on the designer's imagination, and a large glazing area creates a unique feeling of unity with nature. The modern manifestation of the fachwerk was a stylistic trend that originated in the 70s of the ΧΧ century. The main trend of that time was a radical restructuring of old forms into something new, previously unknown and not always successful. It was at this time that fachwerk experienced its second birth, followed by an interesting development. To date, there is a distinction between the construction of half-timbered houses and the decoration of houses in this style.

Half-timbered houses photo

German fachwerk: design features of the building

The German half-timbered building is considered the most ancient building style, the main architectural and stylistic concept of which is borrowed by modern half-timbered buildings. But despite the unity stylistic concept, modern half-timbered houses show only an external resemblance to their progenitor - the German half-timbered house and a distant resemblance architectural forms. A modern house in the German half-timbered style is a reliable frame structure of high strength, which is designed in the spirit of past years and demonstrates respectability, nobility, as well as clarity of lines and perfection of forms. The basis of the German-style half-timbered house is a frame, which is made of solid or glued coniferous timber. The know-how of modern construction is the erection of a house frame, in which polypropylene or mineral wool slabs are placed, equipped with two membrane layers: windproof, which prevents the fibers of the heat-insulating material from blowing out, and moisture-proof, protecting the material from moisture penetration.

For the manufacture of the building, pre-prepared sandwich panels can be used, pressed on both sides with cement-bonded, mineral wool or polypropylene boards, attached to the wooden frame of the building. For the manufacture of the frame of the building, only modern equipment is used, which allows to carry out work with high accuracy. Also at the production stage, it is treated with antiseptic compounds that prevent the development of mold and fungus. In addition, the building frame can be glazed, filled with slabs or sandwich panels, without deviating from the architectural design. At the final stage of construction and when performing external finishing, wooden structures must be treated with natural oil-based protective compounds that protect the frame structure from exposure to ultraviolet radiation, fire and biological damaging objects.

Reasons for the popularity of half-timbered houses

• The sophistication of appearance is not the only advantage of half-timbered houses. modern houses, made in this style, are distinguished by a large glass area, which creates the impression that the boundaries of the house are dissolved, ensuring the unity of man and the surrounding nature. However, this is also the reason for the popular misconception that such structures cannot be used as residential buildings in regions with a harsh climate, and even more so in harsh Russian winters. To dissuade you from this, we note that half-timbered houses are one of the most economical structures in terms of energy saving and can compete directly with buildings made of brick, concrete, stone and logs.

Important! The large savings in heat energy, characteristic of half-timbered houses, are due to the use of special energy-saving glazing. Unlike ordinary glass, it reduces the heat loss that occurs through the openings. In addition, in the manufacture of modern half-timbered structures, sandwich panels are used, the structure of which includes thermal insulation materials that reduce heat loss. And, finally, such buildings are equipped with a "warm floor" system that regulates heat transfer in the building.

• The optimal rigidity of the frame guarantees the absence of shrinkage and deformation, which is another indisputable advantage of half-timbered structures.
• In the process of individual construction of houses to difficult conditions often use such frame structures, due to their lightness and, unlike brick houses, less pressure on the soil. Due to the fact that frame structures of this type do not need to install a reinforced foundation, being limited to a shallow system, you get the opportunity to save on construction.

Half-timbered house projects

Design is the main stage of any construction. High-quality projects of half-timbered houses, developed by competent specialists, are the key to successful construction. In the case of a competent approach to the construction of half-timbered houses, the building will last for decades, while retaining its original characteristics. To be sure that the house will be characterized by a comfortable layout, you need to think about the development individual project. If you are planning to build a house characterized by a complex non-traditional design, in any case, you cannot do without an individual project.

Even an inexperienced master understands that the construction of half-timbered houses is not the most simple option for building houses in our climate. Due to the fact that half-timbered houses are not similar to one another, and can differ not only in the way of finishing and size, but also in layout, experts do not recommend neglecting the drafting of projects, during the development of which you can determine the number of storeys of buildings, the number of entrances , glazing option and the nuances of the internal layout.

Distinctive feature frame structure in the half-timbered style are storey ledges, the question of the presence or absence of which is decided at the stage of developing a house project. Initially, they were intended to protect the front wall from precipitation. Currently, the arrangement of a half-timbered house “by all the rules” implies the presence of storey protrusions, which contribute to a slight increase in usable area. Also in the design phase one-story house in the half-timbered style, the issue of the presence and location of balconies and terraces, which are an integral part of modern half-timbered houses, is solved. The design stage allows you to play with glazing variations, frame colors and structural elements, you get the opportunity to recreate a unique half-timbered house that will be associated with old gingerbread houses from German fairy tales or with modern villas in the Art Nouveau style.

Building a half-timbered house: fundamental points

The simplest option for creating a half-timbered house is its initial construction using the fundamental points of this technology. In order to deal with the construction technology in the future, we will designate the main stages of the construction of a half-timbered house:

• Treatment wooden materials specialized antiseptic compounds, which prevents the development of mold, fungus, and also reduces the absorbency of wood;
• Fachwerkhouse frame installation;
• Filling the frame with sound and heat insulating materials;
• Roof installation;
• Implementation of interior and exterior wall decoration;

Important! From the moment the construction of half-timbered houses began, it was believed that they were intended only for regions with a mild climate, but technology does not stand still, and today, in the process of building half-timbered structures, it is supposed to use:

• Sandwich heaters;
• Systems "warm floor";
• Energy saving glazing.

Site preparation for construction

• Before proceeding with construction, it is necessary to prepare the site on which the building will be erected and examine the soil. As the basis of a half-timbered house, you can use any foundation suitable for the construction of wooden houses. This is due to the ease inherent in any wooden frame building, thanks to which. Bearing structures will not create pressure on the foundation.
• If the site chosen for construction is characterized by the presence of heaving soils, it is necessary to build a more reliable foundation that will prevent it from being squeezed out in winter with ground water. The choice of the type of foundation must be carried out, focusing on the characteristics of the soil, which will determine the type of foundation - it will be tape, columnar or pile.

How to mount the frame?

• To ensure the insulation of the structure from moisture, a layer is laid on top of the foundation. waterproofing materials, after which the installation of a strapping crown from a bar, the cross section of which is 50x200 mm, is carried out. Before mounting the frame, the timber is treated with antiseptic compounds. After the strapping crown is ready, the lower part of the frame is attached to it. To ensure the reliability and rigidity of the frame structure, use the connection parts various types, such as dovetail, hidden spike, as well as the use of wooden dowels in the process of fastening parts.
• Half-timbered houses are characterized by the presence of a rigid frame consisting of vertical and horizontal beams, as well as diagonal elements - braces, which are a distinctive feature of the half-timbered structure and give it stability. To make the fasteners invisible, as well as to hide the visible details of the skin, use the connection in the groove and spike.

Important! The most popular material for the construction of half-timbered houses is planed polished glued laminated timber from coniferous wood, pre-treated with specialized protective compounds. Often, metal beams are used to mount the frame, the use of which makes the structure even more durable.

• The installation of load-bearing racks is carried out in accordance with the requirements of the project, which takes into account the width of window and door openings. The distance between the support posts depends on the width of the window and door openings, but it should not exceed 3-4 meters.
• As a material for installing floor beams, an edged board with a section of 50x200 mm, treated with fire-retardant compounds, is used. The installation of the frame elements hidden by the sheathing and not being visible parts of the fachwerk-style structure is carried out from an edged board with a section of 45x145 mm, also treated with fire-retardant compounds. After the installation of the walls is completed, a truss roof system is made. At the same time, the installation of a half-timbered house structure at this stage is not much different from the installation of a traditional frame structure.

Features of mounting wall sheathing elements: popular materials

Development modern technologies allows you to replace traditional clay, adobe and reeds, previously used to fill the space between the supporting beams, with more modern heat-insulating materials. At present, for these purposes, more and more often use modern materials such as stone wool, polyurethane panels or cement-bonded particle board. The same materials are used to decorate a half-timbered house.

Important! A distinctive feature of a half-timbered building is that the horizontal and vertical beams and braces located in the outer plane always remain open.

The final stage of construction is filling the empty space of the frame with the subsequent installation of windows and doors. Recently, large glasses have been increasingly used for these purposes, which ultimately led to the development and popularization of half-timbered glass. In appearance half-timbered construction are combined classic styles: European and Japanese.

Important! To ensure the preservation of heat in a house where the voids in the frame are filled with glass, experts recommend using specially designed energy-saving double-glazed windows made of low-emissivity glass, characterized by argon filling. Despite the fact that such a house is filled with natural light, its external fragility is very deceptive.

Another material used for this purpose is cement particle board (CSP) , which is a rectangular sheet, which is made from Portland cement and wood shavings. In addition to these components, the DSP includes special chemical components that provide the antiseptic properties of the material. DSP refers to materials of low price category, and despite its low flexural strength, it can withstand longitudinal loads very well.

How to decorate a half-timbered house?

Finishing the facade of a half-timbered house is an easier way to create a half-timbered house. To carry out the decoration of a half-timbered house with your own hands, they take as a basis a building made of any material and characterized by any constructive and stylistic variations. Polyurethane is the main material for finishing half-timbered facades, from which beams and beams are made, visually indistinguishable from wooden beams even at close range. However, unlike wood, they are resistant to high humidity, temperature changes and the harmful effects of insects. In addition, using polyurethane for the manufacture of beams, you can not worry about the appearance of deformations and cracks. To carry out the installation of polyurethane beams, you will need "liquid nails" glue.

Important! When purchasing an adhesive for mounting polyurethane beams, read the instructions to make sure that it is suitable for outdoor use, as well as resistant to temperature and humidity changes.

An important stage in the installation of polyurethane beams is the cutting of parts and the fitting of joints, which will require end and circular saws.

A few words about the design of the half-timbered house

Seeming at first glance, the simplicity of a half-timbered house, upon closer examination, becomes deceptive, because, attracting the views of others, half-timbered houses create a unique luxury and recreate ancient German motifs in reality. Despite the fact that in the process of building and finishing a half-timbered house, experts adhere to the same principles, the variety of appearance of half-timbered houses is so great that it is difficult to find two identical buildings. Due to the variety of textures and colors, half-timbered houses are considered one of the most unique buildings.

The fundamental principles of the design of half-timbered houses:

• The facade of a half-timbered house can be complemented by any style: it can be classic minimalism, an American ranch, a German version of country style, and even a combination of several national styles;

• The color scheme of the half-timbered house is also characterized by diversity. Basic principle color solution is a contrasting selection of wooden beams that stand out against the main background of the wall. The most popular is the combination of light pastel shades and dark brown beams;
• Despite the fact that the combination of light walls and contrasting dark beams is most often used, the reverse combination is also acceptable and often more advantageous;

• The interior of a half-timbered house must match its exterior. The interior of the building can be decorated in the German country style, which will allow you to create a complete picture;
• The German version of the country style involves the use of a large amount of wood. Textiles within the framework of this stylistic decision require a careful approach: it is best to lay a rough carpet on the floor, decorate the windows with thick curtains, and cover the furniture with thick bedspreads, matching the color and texture of the curtains. The highlight of the style will be pre-aged wooden beams.

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