The topic is lexical norms. Lexical norms in terms of accuracy
LEXICAL STANDARDS OF MODERN RUSSIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE. THE CONCEPT OF LEXICAL COMPATIBILITY
Lexical norms of the Russian language
The word is the most important unit of language, the most diverse and voluminous. It is the word that reflects all the changes in the life of society. The word not only names an object or phenomenon, but also reflects emotions. Words name the most diverse phenomena of the world around us. This ability of the word to name objects, their signs, actions, etc. received the name of the nominative (naming) function of the word. A word can perform a nominative function because it has a certain lexical meaning.
Choosing words, we pay attention to their meaning, stylistic coloring, compatibility with other words. Neglect of one of these criteria leads to speech errors.
The lexical meaning of the word names the phenomena and objects of reality, which in our minds correspond to certain concepts. For example, pine is a coniferous tree with brown bark and long needles. Orange is a medium between yellow and red, the color of orange.
The accuracy of word usage consists in observing the lexical norms of the Russian literary language, in the ability to use words in speech (oral and written) in full accordance with their lexical meanings that have developed and are fixed in the language.
If the speaker or writer knows the lexical meaning of the word poorly or completely unfamiliar, then an inaccuracy in use, an error may occur. An incorrectly chosen word may distort the meaning of the message, create the possibility of double interpretation, or may give undesirable stylistic overtones.
Consider the errors associated with misunderstanding the meaning of the word.
The use of a word in an unusual sense.
Accuracy as a quality of speech is always associated with the ability to think clearly, with knowledge of the subject of speech (conceptual and subject accuracy), with knowledge of the meaning of words. But first of all, the accuracy of speech is due to the choice of the word. An incorrectly chosen word can distort the meaning of the message, give it an undesirable stylistic coloring.
For example: For lovers of cold cocktails, the same companions are mixed, but in different proportions.
Companion - 1. The one who keeps company with someone. 2. Member of a trading or industrial company. In this sentence, the word component should have been used. Component - 1. A component of something. Another example from the newspaper: We offer a complete cure for alcoholics and other diseases. If we are talking about diseases, then the word alcoholics should be replaced by the word alcoholism. These errors are associated not only with ignorance of the meaning of the word, but also with a careless attitude to the language.
The use of paronyms.
Compare the two sentences: He leads a festive life. I'm in an idle mood today.
They have very similar words - the same root, with a similar stress. But are their meanings the same, do they stand still?
Festive - an adjective from a holiday (dinner, mood).
Idle - unoccupied with business (idle life).
To restore the meaning of the statements, you need to change these words in places. There are many such words in Russian, these are paronyms.
Paronyms - (from the Greek para - near and onima - name) words of the same root, similar in sound and spelling, but differing in lexical meaning: Ignorant - ignorant, Addressee - addresser, Deed - misconduct, Any - all kinds, Comic - comic.
Paronyms are not interchangeable in speech, as this leads to a distortion of the meaning of the statement. To avoid such errors, you can turn to explanatory dictionaries or dictionaries of paronyms for help (for example, Vishnyakova O.V. Paronyms of the modern Russian language. - M., 1987)
Lexical compatibility
When choosing a word, one should take into account not only its meaning, but also lexical compatibility. Lexical compatibility is the ability of words to connect with each other.
Not all words can be combined with each other:
A good leader should set an example for his subordinates.
You can show an example, not a sample. You can be a role model.
Sophia is of great importance for understanding the image of Chatsky.
A mistake is a confusion of two expressions that are close in meaning: to play a role and to have a meaning.
From the point of view of the modern language, it is often difficult to explain the reasons for the differences in the compatibility of words that are similar in meaning:
Pay attention / give importance to the development of sports.
Many combinations of words are fixed by linguistic tradition, and the ability to use them is part of a person's linguistic culture.
Lexical compatibility has its limits. For example, the word strong
1. One that is difficult to break, break (strong fabric, rope).
2. Strong in spirit, unshakable (strong in spirit old man).
3. Healthy, strong (body).
4. Reliable (strong friendship, love).
5. Reaching a strong degree (hard frost, wind).
6. Saturated, potent, sharp (strong tea, tobacco).
7. Unfold Prosperous (strong owner).
Let's try to look at the fourth and fifth meanings of the word from the other side: friendship, love is a "designation of feelings", as well as hatred, envy. But you can not say strong hatred. And frost, wind - these are "weather and climatic conditions", like heat, humidity. But you can not say strong heat.
The intentional combination of incompatible words should be distinguished from a speech error, for example: ordinary miracle. This is one type of trope - an oxymoron.
Synonyms - words that are different in sound (spelling), but close or equal in meaning. Most synonyms differ either in shades of meaning (capable - talented - brilliant), or in the scope of use, stylistic coloring (steal a book - steal a neutral - steal a colloquial one). Synonyms help to avoid the monotony of presentation, eliminate the repetition of identical words, contribute to the clarification of thought, its clearer expression, strengthening and highlighting.
Synonyms enrich the language, make our speech figurative. Here is an example of the use of a number of synonyms: DiedClaudia Ivanovna, - said the customer. Well, the kingdom of heaven, - Bezenchuk agreed. - passed away, then, an old woman ... Old women, they always pass away ... Or give your soul to god, it depends what an old woman. Yours, for example, is small and in the body, which means it has passed away. And, for example, which is larger and thinner - that one, it is believed, gives her soul to God ... So how is it considered? Who considers it? We count. At the masters. Here you are, for example, a prominent man, of lofty stature, although thin. You, it is considered, if, God forbid, die, what played in the box. And who is a merchant, a former merchant guild, that means ordered to live long. And if someone is of a lower rank, a janitor, for example, or one of the peasants, they say about him: spreador legs stretched out.
But the most powerful when they die, railway conductors or someone from the authorities, it is considered that they give oak. So they say about them: “And ours, they heard, gave oak».
Shocked by this strange classification of human deaths, Ippolit Matveyevich asked: Well, when you die, how will the masters say about you? I am a small person. They will say: " bent overBezenchuk. And they won't say anything else." (I. Ilf, E. Petrov. Twelve chairs) Antonyms are words with opposite meanings (light - dark, terrible - beautiful). The existence of antonyms in the language is due to the nature of our perception of reality in all its contradictory complexity, in the unity and struggle of opposites. Different meanings of the same word can have different antonyms. For example, close: 1) located at a short distance (close distance - far distance); 2) blood related (close people are strangers); 3) similar, similar (similar in content - different in content). Therefore, it cannot be considered that antonyms form closed pairs. Most of the words in Russian are polysemantic words. The meaning of such words depends on the context. Polysemy means the ability of a word to have several meanings at the same time. In polysemantic words, the main, or primary, meanings are distinguished, which are characterized by the highest frequency and minimal dependence on the context; and non-primary, secondary, meanings, less frequent and always conditioned by the context. Homonyms (homos - the same, onyma - name) - words that are the same in sound (spelling), but have a different meaning depending on the context. Outwardly, homonymy resembles polysemy. However, the use of a word in different meanings does not give grounds to talk about the appearance of new words every time, while with homonymy completely different words collide, coinciding in sound and spelling, but having nothing in common in semantics. For example, marriage in the meaning of "matrimony" and marriage - "damaged products." Often homonyms in the same context create ambiguity: You have listened to the announcement. You either heard the announcement or missed it. In polysemantic words, different meanings are not isolated from each other, but are connected, systemic, while homonymy is outside the systemic connections in the word. The possibility of using homonyms and ambiguous words in the same context creates ambiguity. Found in speech different kinds wordiness. Pleonasm (from the Greek pleonasmos - excess) - semantic redundancy, the use in speech of words that are close in meaning and therefore unnecessary words. He has a peculiar facial expression. Facial expressions are facial expressions. He has a peculiar "facial expression" of his face. Although some pleonasms in our speech are considered fixed in the language. For example, an exhibit of an exhibition (exhibit - "exhibited") Tautology (from Greek tauto - the same thing, logos - word) - repetition of words with the same root (usually): Nourishing mask nourishes the skin. Hockey players made a counterattack in return. To correct this mistake, you need to replace the tautological word with a synonym or remove the extra morpheme: Nourishing mask enriches the skin. Hockey players made a retaliatory attack. But there are many tautological combinations in the language, the use of which is inevitable, because they use terminological vocabulary. For example, a dictionary of foreign words, the foreman of the first brigade. As well as phraseological turns: walk shaking, packed full, go to waste. Tautological and irregular grammatical forms: The best - the best is the best. The more beautiful the more beautiful the more beautiful. Splitting the predicate is the replacement of the verbal predicate with a synonymous combination: The students decided to clean the school yard. In an official business style, such combinations are quite appropriate, but in this speech situation it is better to say: The students decided to clean the school yard. Lexical incompleteness of an utterance is the omission of a word necessary in a sentence. This error is the opposite of verbosity. The advantage of Kuprin is that there is nothing superfluous. Kuprin may not have anything superfluous, but this sentence lacks a few words. 4. Words with a limited scope of consumption. The huge dictionary of the Russian language in terms of the scope of use can be divided into two large groups: ) vocabulary of an unlimited scope of use, which includes commonly used words; ) vocabulary with a limited scope of use, that is, words used in a certain area - professional, territorial, social. Common words should be understood by all native speakers in all cases (bread, doctor, moon, frost, etc.). The situation is much more complicated with the perception of words with a limited scope of use. They are named so because absolutely everyone cannot and should not understand them. These are neologisms, obsolete words, words of foreign origin, dialectisms, colloquial words, vernacular, professionalisms, jargon. Neologisms - new words or expressions that have not yet received "citizenship rights" in the national language, and therefore are not perceived as the norm: new Russians - reduced stylistic coloring; astronaut - neologism of the 60s. Obsolete words - words that have fallen out of active use - archaisms and historicisms. Archaisms are words that name those realities that exist, but for some reason have been forced out of use in modern Russian: And things are still there. (I. Krylov) Now - today. It's day at university open doors. (archaism) Historicisms are words that name realities that no longer exist and therefore are not used today: a clerk, a room, etc. Language, like life itself, changes, which is evidenced not only by the transition of words from an active stock to a passive one, but also by the reverse process. At present, the word governor has returned to the active reserve, because such a position has again appeared in Russia. At the beginning of the 20th century, Mikhail Zoshchenko wrote: “Come on now, sticking around with the Russian phrase is a disaster. The whole speech is strewn with words with a foreign vague meaning. A hundred years have passed, but even now we have a predilection for foreign words, sometimes without even knowing their exact meaning. We propose to extend the contract. Prolong - extend the duration of something. We propose to extend the contract. In common vocabulary, words of foreign origin become a special language, so it is better to use Russian words: spontaneous, random relative - relative, negative - negative, image-image. Dialectisms are words that belong to Russian dialects and are not included in the literary language. They are justified in artistic and journalistic speech to create the speech characteristics of the characters. The non-normative use of dialectisms indicates a lack of knowledge of the norms of the literary language. Summer in the village, I get up with the kochet (roosters). The use of a dialect word here is unjustified. Colloquial words are words that are used in oral speech in everyday communication and are included in the system of the literary language: I have a very thin jacket (leaky, damaged) Colloquial - words of oral speech that are not included in the system of the literary language: wash off, drift off, dunce, muddler, etc. Professionalisms - colloquial synonyms of terms accepted in the professional group: Steering wheel - steering wheel (in the speech of drivers), Misprint - blunder (among newspapermen). The unmotivated transfer of professionalisms into general literary speech is undesirable. Professionalisms serve to designate various production processes, tools of production, raw materials, products obtained, etc. Unlike terms, which are official scientific names for special concepts, professionalisms are perceived as “semi-official” words that do not have a strictly scientific character. In terms of the limited use and the nature of the sound (joking, reduced), professionalisms are similar to jargon and are integral part jargon. Jargon - variety colloquial speech used by a certain circle of native speakers, united by a common interest, occupation, position in society. This is a kind of social dialect characteristic of professional or age groups of people (slang of athletes, students). In modern Russian, youth jargon, or slang, is distinguished. The emergence of many jargon is associated with the desire of young people to express their attitude to the subject, phenomenon more vividly, more emotionally. Hence such evaluative words: awesome, cool, awesome, laugh, go crazy, buzz, plow, etc. This is everyday vocabulary with reduced expressive coloring, which is not a literary norm: advanced, sucks, chip, etc. Slang vocabulary is inferior to literary in accuracy, which determines its inferiority as a means of communication. The meaning of jargon tends to vary depending on the context. For example, the adjective cool has the meanings of good, attractive, interesting, reliable. A special socially limited group of words in the modern Russian language is camp jargon, which is used by people placed in special living conditions. He reflected the terrible life in places of detention: convict (prisoner), shmon (search), gruel (stew), informer (informer) and so on. Such jargon finds its application in the realistic description of camp life. I would like to hope that there will be no extralinguistic conditions for their consolidation in the Russian language and that they will quickly pass into the composition of passive vocabulary. This cannot be said about the language of the underworld (thieves, vagabonds, bandits). This slangy variety of language is defined by the term slang (fr. argot - closed). Argo is a secret, artificial language of criminals, known only to the initiated and existing only in oral form. But individual argotisms are spreading outside the slang: thieves, pen (knife), raspberries (den), fraer, split, etc., but at the same time they practically pass into the category of colloquial vocabulary and are given in dictionaries with the corresponding stylistic marks: “colloquial” , "roughly colloquial". Words are combined with each other to form phrases. Some of them are free, they are formed by us in speech as needed. Each word in them retains an independent meaning and performs the function of a separate member of the sentence: He will come soon. But there are phrases that are called non-free, connected, or phraseological, because the whole phrase acquires the meaning of one word: He will come any minute. Such phrases are fixed in the language as a result of frequent and long, sometimes centuries-old, practice of use. One and the same combination can act either as free or as connected, depending on the context: He closed his eyes and fell asleep. The dean's office turned a blind eye to the misbehavior of the student. From the point of view of origin, phraseological units can be divided into several groups: From colloquial everyday speech (talking teeth, losing one's head); from professional areas of use and from jargons (clumsy work, without a hitch without a hitch - from the speech of carpenters, rub glasses, a bit card - from the speech of gamblers); from scientific use (center of gravity, chain reaction, roll down an inclined plane); from works of fiction (I haven’t picked up checkers for a long time. - We know how badly you play (N.V. Gogol)). Phraseological means also include linguistic aphorisms - proverbs, sayings, catchwords. Proverbs are short folk sayings with an instructive meaning: The word is not a sparrow, if it flies out, you won’t catch it. Sayings - speech turns that figuratively define an object or phenomenon, an unfinished thought: Let's wait and see, my hut is on the edge. Winged words are bright, memorable words from literary sources: All ages are submissive to love. (A.S. Pushkin). Winners are not judged. (Catherine II) A special group among phraseological units are: expressions from books of religious content: a stumbling block is a hindrance in business, daily bread the necessary means of life; foreign expressions used in Russian speech in the corresponding language: English - All right, Happy end, Time is money; French - Carte blanche, Cherchez la femme, Tete-a-tete; Italian - Finita la comedia, Salto mortale; Latin -Post scriptum (PS), Nota bene, Terra incognita. Cliches - speech stereotypes, ready-made turns, standard. Cliches are constructive units of speech and, despite their frequent use, retain their meaning. Cliches are used in official business documents: summit meeting; scientific literature: it is required to prove; journalism: our own correspondent reports; colloquial speech: Who's the last one? What time is it? Speech etiquette formulas (hello, please). Stamps are hackneyed expressions with a faded meaning. Stamps are words, phrases, which, as a result of frequent use, lose their original imagery: When voting, a forest of hands rose. A variety of stamps are clericalisms - words and expressions, the use of which is appropriate only in an official business style: There is a lack of spare parts. Collective farm specialists pay attention to the fight against weeds. Stamps also include universal words (for example, a question, a task), which are used in the most general and indefinite meanings. Usually they are accompanied by companion words: Work - everyday, support - hot. Bibliography Rosenthal D.E., Dzhanzhakova E.V., Kabanova N.P. A Handbook of Spelling and Literary Editing. - M., 2001. Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook / Ed. prof. IN AND. Maksimov. - M., 2000. 2. REVIEW THE ARTICLE OF ZELENIN A.V. ORTHODOX ETIQUET//RUSSIAN SPEECH-2005.№2 P.74-82 After reading the article of the candidate of philological sciences A.V. Zelenina Orthodox etiquette, we can conclude that this article is written in a scientific style. This article introduces the reader to scientific information, for example: At the same time, there is one specific type of etiquette that is still little studied and described by speech culture specialists (orthologists), but which also needs attention. This is Orthodox speech etiquette, whose revival is obvious. Of course, the activation of Orthodox etiquette is associated with non-linguistic reasons (an excerpt from an article by A.V. Zelenin). Also, the text can be attributed to the scientific style, paying attention to the vocabulary. The vocabulary of the scientific style consists of three main layers: ) commonly used words: complex, study, consider, difference, etc. (which occur in the text) ) general scientific: analyzing, interpreting, emphasizing, formulating, etc. (also found in the text of the article) ) terms: etiquette, church etiquette, politeness, etc. (terms frequently used in the text) The grammatical structure of a scientific text is very peculiar. Let's characterize it morphological features. Speech scientific essays is, as a rule, nominal in nature, which leads to a quantitative predominance of nouns, adjectives before the verb and to the use different kind verbal phrases and words; for example: Church etiquette can be considered from two positions: internal (church-moral) and external (secularized). The syntax of the scientific style convincingly confirms its abstractness, generalization, consistency in the expression of thought, the desire for ultimate accuracy and clarity. An example can be given: It is obvious that the first interpretation of church etiquette is extremely broad, including the whole life of a Christian; the second is narrow, reducing all the problems of church etiquette to external (behavioral and linguistic) manners. It is quite clear that here we see the "pressure" of the general language use of the term etiquette on the concept of church etiquette. In everyday language, etiquette is "an established, accepted order of behavior, forms of circumvention" (Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language. M., 1991). 3. REPRODUCING A FRAGMENT OF TEXT WRITTEN IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE LEGISLATIVE SUB-STYLE OF THE OFFICIAL-BUSINESS STYLE AND JUSTIFY ITS STYLING ACCESSORIES Chapter 2. Rights and freedoms of man and citizen 1. In Russian Federation the rights and freedoms of man and citizen are recognized and guaranteed in accordance with the universally recognized principles and norms of international law and in accordance with this Constitution. Fundamental human rights and freedoms are inalienable and belong to everyone from birth. The exercise of human and civil rights and freedoms must not violate the rights and freedoms of other persons. The rights and freedoms of man and citizen are directly applicable. They determine the meaning, content and application of laws, the activities of the legislative and executive authorities, local self-government and are provided with justice. 1. Everyone is equal before the law and the court. The state guarantees the equality of human and civil rights and freedoms regardless of gender, race, nationality, language, origin, property and official status, place of residence, attitude to religion, beliefs, membership in public associations, as well as other circumstances. Any form of restriction of the rights of citizens on the grounds of social, racial, national, linguistic or religious affiliation is prohibited. Men and women have equal rights and freedoms and equal opportunities for their realization. 1. Everyone has the right to life. The death penalty, until it is abolished, may be established by federal law as an exceptional punishment for especially grave crimes against life, while granting the accused the right to have his case heard by a jury. 1. The dignity of the individual is protected by the state. Nothing can be grounds for belittling him. No one shall be subjected to torture, violence, other cruel or degrading treatment or punishment. No one can be subjected to medical, scientific or other experiments without voluntary consent. 1. Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person. Arrest, detention and detention are allowed only by a court decision. Pending a court decision, a person may not be detained for more than 48 hours. 1. Everyone has the right to privacy, personal and family secrets, protection of his honor and good name. Everyone has the right to privacy of correspondence, telephone conversations, postal, telegraphic and other communications. Restriction of this right is allowed only on the basis of a court decision. 1. Collection, storage, use and dissemination of information about the private life of a person without his consent is not allowed. State authorities and local self-government bodies, their officials are obliged to provide everyone with the opportunity to familiarize themselves with documents and materials that directly affect their rights and freedoms, unless otherwise provided by law. The residence is inviolable. No one has the right to enter a dwelling against the will of the persons living in it, except in cases established by federal law, or on the basis of a court decision. 1. Everyone has the right to determine and indicate their nationality. No one can be forced to determine and indicate their nationality. Everyone has the right to use their native language, to freely choose the language of communication, upbringing, education and creativity. 1. Everyone who is legally on the territory of the Russian Federation has the right to move freely, to choose a place of stay and residence. Everyone can freely travel outside the Russian Federation. A citizen of the Russian Federation has the right to freely return to the Russian Federation. Everyone is guaranteed freedom of conscience, freedom of religion, including the right to profess individually or jointly with others any religion or not to profess any, freely choose, have and disseminate religious and other beliefs and act in accordance with them. 1. Everyone is guaranteed freedom of thought and speech. Propaganda or agitation that incite social, racial, national or religious hatred and enmity is not allowed. Propaganda of social, racial, national, religious or linguistic superiority is prohibited. No one can be forced to express their opinions and beliefs or to renounce them. Everyone has the right to freely seek, receive, transmit, produce and distribute information in any lawful manner. The list of information constituting a state secret is determined by federal law. Freedom of the media is guaranteed. Censorship is prohibited. 1. Everyone has the right to association, including the right to form trade unions for the protection of their interests. The freedom of activity of public associations is guaranteed. No one may be forced to join or remain in any association. Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to assemble peacefully without weapons, to hold meetings, rallies and demonstrations, marches and picketing. The text of the Constitution of the Russian Federation refers to the official business style, the legislative substyle, because. official business style serves legal relations between citizens and the state and is used in various documents - from state acts and international treaties to business correspondence. The most important functions of this style - communication and impact - are implemented in such official documents as laws, decrees, decrees, orders, contracts, agreements, business correspondence, statements, receipts, etc. Depending on the scope of use, the official business style is divided into sub-styles: diplomatic, implemented in the texts of a communiqué, notes, conventions, memorandums, international agreements; legislative (legal), represented in the texts of the law, constitution, decree, charter, civil and criminal acts; administrative and clerical, used in clerical correspondence, in administrative acts, orders, contracts, various documentation. CHOOSE ONE OF TWO OPTIONS. JUSTIFY YOUR CHOICE ) He is a complete ignoramus in matters of literature. Ignorant, -s; m. and w. Uneducated, ignorant person; he was an ignoramus, he didn't read anything. // in what. A person who is ignorant of something. areas of knowledge. N. in physics. I am complete n. in social matters Ignorant, -and; m. and w. 1. Rude, ill-mannered person. Only n. does not give up her seat on the tram to a woman. I don't want to talk to such an ignoramus! 2. Colloquial = Ignorant. If you don't study, you will remain ignorant 2) Two foreign languages are studied at the faculty. Foreign, th, th. 1. Being abroad, abroad; overseas, foreign. 3rd countries. 3rd press. 3rd business trip. 3rd contacts (carried out with foreigners, foreign firms, etc.). //Arrived from abroad. 3rd experts, delegations.2. Created outside the boundaries of their state; foreign (opposite: domestic). Z films. Suit of foreign production. Foreign, th, th. 1. Relating to another state, another country; belonging to them. I-th subjects. I-th languages. I-th origin. // Made, bought abroad; overseas. Wines of foreign brands. And goods. 2. Relating to the conduct of foreign policy, associated with it. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. ) Lermontov is a worthy successor to Pushkin. Successor, -a; m. One who received successively from smb. some rights, obligations, social position; someone's successor activities. The merchant prophesied his eldest son as his successor. P. throne. Successors of the great enlighteners of the eighteenth century. //The one who took the place, the position of his predecessor. Hand over to your successor. Find a suitable successor to the old doctor. Successor, -s; well. Consider someone. successor. ) Our Far Eastern birch trees are standing in a wedding dress. Shroud, -a; m. Funeral attire or cover of white cloth for the dead. Turn in with. someone / Book. Cover (snow, ice, fog, etc.). The ground is covered with a white shroud Cleaning, -a; m. Obsolete.1. Outfit, clothes. Rich at. Wedding at. Funeral at. //About foliage, snow, etc., dressing trees, fields, etc. Autumn golden. the woods. Fields covered in snow. //Special equipment. Ratny at. Hunting v.2. The general name of the items that are put on the head (hat, hat, cap, scarf, etc.). Head at. Women's hats. Men's headwear. Hats for children, for men, for women. Head at. military - uniform cap. Papakha - the usual headdress. highlander. A man should not enter the room in a headdress. They took off their hats, baring their heads. Leave your hats in the cloakroom! In the old days, a kokoshnik embroidered with pearls and gold was a festive headdress for a girl. ) The difficult fuel situation in Ukraine seems to be starting to change for the better. Literature Big explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. Ch. ed. S.A. Kuznetsov. First edition: St. Petersburg: Norint, 1998. Published in the author's edition in 2009 BIBLIOGRAPHY word lexical compatibility language 1. Vvedenskaya L.A., Pavlova L.G., Kashaeva E.Yu. Russian language and culture of speech. - Rostov-on-Don, 2001. Culture of oral and written speech of a business person: a reference book. - M., 2000. Culture of Russian speech / Ed. OK. Graudina, E.N. Shiryaev. - M., 1999 Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook / Ed. prof. V.I. Maksimova. - M., 2000. Golub I.B. Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook.- M.: Logos, 2002. Great Dictionary of Russian language. Ch. ed. S. A. Kuznetsov. First edition: St. Petersburg: Norint, 1998. First edition: St. Petersburg: Norint, 1998. Published in the author's edition in 2009. Constitution of the Russian Federation A.V. Zelenin Orthodox etiquette// Russian speech-2005.-№2.С.74-82Works similar to - Lexical norms of the modern Russian literary language. The concept of lexical compatibility
Lexical norms of the Russian language
Plan
1. Subject and nominative accuracy of speech.
2. The problem of lexical compatibility.
3. The problem of speech redundancy.
4. The appropriateness of the word.
5. Logical errors of word usage.
6. Purity of speech.
Under lexical norms understood usage rules. Compliance with lexical norms is the most important condition for correct, accurate and expressive speech.
1. To achievespeech accuracy, first of all, it is necessary to have a clear idea of the subject of speech itself, as well as knowledge of the meaning of the word used in modern language. Often, speech errors occur precisely when the speaker or writer cannot adequately express his thought, using words in a sense that is unusual for them. Here are some examples of such errors from student essays:“Pechorin goes to Persia, having found no use for his mind and his resourcefulness (?)"; "He created around himself range (?) a well-read person”; “Matryona lives alone in an old hut. Her only roommates (?) is a cat, mice and cockroaches”; "Andrey Bolkonsky touches (?) with Kutuzov and becomes his adjutant.”
The problem of the accuracy of speech (objective and conceptual) is closely related to the ability to distinguish between the so-calledparonyms, those. words (most often with the same root) that are similar in sound, but have different meanings and are used in different ways, for example:enter - act, imagine - provide, distant - distant, human - human - humane etc. The indistinguishability of paronyms also leads to annoying and ridiculous mistakes, examples of which, alas, are numerous in the same works of applicants:Lermontov showed infertility (futility?) of the activities of his hero.”; “The harmony of nature gives rise to thoughts about the inviolability of moral devices (foundations?) of this world.”; "Tatyana contraindicated (opposed?) to Onegin and Lensky.”; "Pushkin was bound by strong knots (ties?) with the Decembrists.
2. Compliance with lexical norms is impossible without knowledge lexical compatibility, those. the ability of words to connect with each other. The fact is that in speech some words are freely combined with others if they fit them in meaning, while others have limited lexical compatibility. So, very similar definitions - long, lengthy, lengthy, lengthy, lengthy, lengthy- are “attracted” to nouns in different ways: you can say long (long, long) period; long (long) way; long fees; long-term (long-term) credit.
What determines lexical compatibility?
First of all, the semantics of words. If the lexical meaning of words is incompatible, then their combination is impossible, for example:walk, glass soup, lean against the wind. Although sometimes semantically incompatible words can be combined in order to create an artistic image: recall the famous"aluminum pickles" V. Tsoi.
At the same time, it also happens that, according to the meaning of the word, they seem to be suitable for expressing one or another meaning, but they do not form phrases: we saybow your head Andkneel , but not vice versa; you can sayall year round , but notround hour ; happensdeep night , but notdeep day ; possibledeep autumn , but notdeep winter etc.
Violation of lexical compatibility is often explained contamination - incorrect combination of elements of phrases similar in meaning. For example: give importance(from give Attention And attach importance);improve the level(from improve quality And to level up); produce into soldiers(from promote to officers And demote to soldier).
3. Unfortunately, in an effort to make their speech expressive, many overload it with superfluous, empty words, i.e. suffer from verbosity. Thus, a phenomenon calledspeech redundancy.
The negative aspects of this phenomenon were very clearly shown by V.G. Kostomarov, who analyzed an excerpt from a popular pamphlet:
"Proper mechanization of our construction is a powerful and effective means and the most important basis for a sharp increase in labor productivity." The phrase seems to be correct, but, the scientist notes, “the author of the brochure did not notice that adjectives ... in his speech only clutter up the sentence ... and distract attention. Indeed, what is the message of correct mechanization? After all, everyone understands that improper mechanization will not work for the future. The assertion of our construction is inaccurate, since mechanization will increase the productivity of labor not only in the given (our) construction, but also in any other construction. It would not be necessary to use two almost equivalent definitions: a powerful tool will always be effective. A stereotyped sharp increase does little to clarify the idea, and, finally, it is simply wrong to talk about the most important foundation, because there are no important and unimportant foundations: to be a foundation means to be the main, main, most important.
Superfluous, redundant, are definitions in phrases like correct existing mistakes, congratulate on the successes achieved, welcome invited guests, discuss the results of the elections.
The phenomena of speech redundancy include the so-calledpleonasm , or partial coincidence of the meaning of the words forming the phrase. Expressions such asprice list, unexpected surprise, go back, main point, foresee etc., since they do not correspond to the lexical norm.
It is also considered a gross speech error tautology, i.e. unjustified repetition of words with the same root, words that are close in meaning, or even the same word within one sentence or a small fragment of text. Tautology makes speech clumsy, tongue-tied, dissonant. Here are just two examples of tautologies. One is from an essay by an applicant: « Independence homelanddoes not depend from the floor a person (?) residing on its territory.”; the other - from "business paper": « Following after paragraph 7 followed paragraph next content, subsequently seized."
4. The value and correctness of this or that word, this or that turnover is determined only in connection with other elements of the given text. In other words, speech will correspond to lexical norms only when the principleappropriateness . Relevance is to be understoodthe requirement of such a selection of language means, in which speech meets the goals and conditions of communication. Traditionally distinguishedcontextual, stylistic relevance Andpersonal-psychological. Let's dwell on this in more detail.
BUT.Contextual relevance determined by the speech environment. The most characteristic in this sense are2 types of errors:
– semantic inconsistency of the used word (phrase) with the general meaning of the statement("Pavel Vlasov devoted his life beating his wife.”; "What kind chic the funeral!"; “Our birch trees are standing in the wedding shroud.) »;
- useanachronisms , i.e. words (expressions) that do not correspond to a given historical era(« Cruise Chichikov on landowners (?) ends with (?) Plyushkin”; "Lisa was housekeeper in Famusov's house"; "Pechorin - fan Russian landscapes).
B. Stylistic (style) relevance- this is an account of the methods of selecting vocabulary in accordance with the functional style used - scientific, business, colloquial, etc. The problem of stylistic appropriateness can be illustrated by the well-known example of L. Uspensky:
“When two boys at school talk among themselves, only a pedant will find an unacceptable remark:
– Did you grab a couple again? Oh you! Either a couple, or a stake ... You cut yourself in the exam, and they put you out of school.
But if you see ... a letter from the director to parents, which says: “Dear comrades! Since your son grabbed a pair again, and in the report card he has either a pair or a stake, he will certainly cut himself off at the exam, and I will have to put him out of school, ”you will decide that the director is at least a strange person.
The words are the same here and there, they all appear in our dictionaries, the content of what is said is the same. Everything is correct, but in one case it is customary to say so, and in the other it is not. Stylistically inappropriate."
IN.L personal-psychological relevance requires to be expressed delicately and tactfully, benevolently and respectfully. Related to this aspect are the so-calledtaboo words , i.e. lexical units, the use of which is prohibited for one or another non-linguistic reasons. In this case, we can talk about the ethical reasons for tabooing certain words. For example, in a conversation about an elderly person, it is tactless and inappropriate to call him an old man. In such situations, we use the so-calledeuphemisms , i.e. words and phrases that replace taboo: the wordold man can be replaced by the expressionelderly man.
5. Often the violation of lexical norms occurs as a result of the so-called"logical failures".
Speech errors of this kind occur:
a) when comparing disparate concepts. For example:« Speech heroes of Sholokhov is different from all others heroes (?)» It would be correct to write thatspeech some are different fromspeeches others;
b) when substituting concepts, for example:"Welcoming hosts fed us diverse selection (?) national dishes" Apparently the ownersfed guests with a variety ofdishes.
6. BUT. One of the important qualities of correct speech is itspurity. In the last two decades, due to cardinal changes in the political and social life of the country, as well as in the scientific and technical sphere of human activity, a powerful stream of words of foreign origin has poured into our language. In this regard, when discussing the purity of speech, one cannot ignoreborrowing problem.
In our opinion, this relationship should by no means be unambiguous. The fact is that borrowings can be divided into 4 groups that occupy an unequal position in the lexical system of the Russian language: 1) words that are the only names of designated concepts that have not been recognized as foreign for a long time(school, bed, bath, locksmith); 2) words that are the only names of the designated concepts, but are perceived as foreign(bureau, office, headquarters, session, monitor); 3) names that have native Russian counterparts with their own special shades of meaning(dancing - dancing, problem - question, fantasy - imagination, dispute - dispute);
4) barbarisms- foreign words that have Russian counterparts that coincide with them in meaning (goalkeeper - goalkeeper, presentation - representation, exclusive - exceptional, sound producer - sound engineer, summit - meeting at the top). It seems that the “right to exist” as an organic part of the dictionary of the Russian language, of course, have borrowings belonging to the first three groups. But barbarisms are often included in speech unnecessarily. It is alarming that there have been too many of them lately. However, the Russian language, as a living and powerful organism, is itself capable of absorbing and subordinating to its system the best and really necessary borrowings of recent years, and throwing away the rest, one-day, alluvial, as unnecessary ballast. We, its speakers, are obliged to carefully treat the existing lexical norms, selectively and reasonably approach new phenomena and processes occurring in the language.
B. Another aspect of the problem of speech purity isrole in speech of various kindsstamps, patterns, stereotypes . On the one hand, they are necessary and are in our memory as ready-made etiquette formulas for expressing greetings, gratitude, consent and other intentions. The stamp is quite appropriate in official business speech: in the language of documents, expressions are also generally accepted and natural, such as“due to the need for an urgent departure…”; “fight against negative phenomena…”; "for your information …"; "Please accept our sincere apologies..." etc.
However, unfortunately, even such styles and genres that require expressiveness and individuality of the author's handwriting are “stamped”. In journalism, we often meet erased, faceless phrases: "convincing victory", "sharp criticism", "hot support", "bloody coup"... In literary works and school essays we read that the author will certainly "convincingly shows", "talentedly reveals" such a character "vividly portrays" such and such a hero, such and such a social phenomenon; the most frequent stereotypical definitions "bright, exciting"(image), "juicy"(language). A number of similar patterns could be continued. Such a manner of presenting thoughts cannot be considered normative: similar expressions, similar, according to D.E. Rosenthal, for "erased nickels", should have strictly limited use.
In addition, an absolute taboo for an educated person should be abusive, profanity. IN modern conditions When the notorious freedom of speech has reigned, there is not only no official ban on the use of such words and expressions, but, much worse, often there is not even the necessary self-control. That is why, undoubtedly, persons who have authority in society should not remain indifferent to the facts of outright lack of culture.
In this regard, it is necessary to mention the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which contains special articles that provide for punishment for insult, i.e. humiliation of the honor and dignity of another person, expressed in an indecent form, as well as for slander, undermining the reputation of a person (Articles 129 and 130).
What has been said above is closely connected with the question of the purity of speech, the need to comply with the lexical norms of the Russian literary language.
Let's sum up result. The main quality indicators of speech, built in accordance with existing lexical norms, is:
1) its subject and conceptual accuracy;
2) correctness in terms of word compatibility;
3) conciseness (lack of redundancy);
4) relevance;
5) consistency;
6) cleanliness.
However, it is necessary to strive to speak not only correctly, but also beautifully, expressively and convincingly. Only then will your speech evoke a response, create a certain mood, bring you closer to achieving the goal, solving the problem.
A.S. Pushkin, according to estimates, used more than 21 thousand words, Shakespeare - more than 20 thousand words. Modern man- much less - 5-9 thousand words. "The Consolidated Dictionary of Modern Russian Vocabulary" in 2 volumes contains more than 170 thousand words. It is a kind of guide to dictionaries, as it includes 14 dictionaries. This and other dictionaries reflect various parties linguistic activity of the modern period, linguistic wealth. Use dictionaries: they will help you not only check yourself, but also replenish your vocabulary.
Exist explanatory dictionaries, etymological, dictionaries of synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, foreign words, dictionaries of word compatibility, dictionaries of difficulties of the Russian language and many others that record the lexical norms adopted in the modern Russian literary language, as well as variants of these norms.
Questions for self-control:
1. What are lexical norms?
2. What are the requirements for speech in terms of compliance with lexical norms?
3. What is the subject and conceptual accuracy of speech?
4. What is the problem of lexical compatibility?
5. What kind typical mistakes associated with speech redundancy?
6. What is meant by the appropriateness of word usage?
Lexical norms (or norms of word usage) are usually understood as the correct choice of a word and the appropriateness of its use in a well-known meaning and in generally accepted combinations. There are well-defined types of lexical rules that are universal for the whole variety of lexical norms. These rules describe the factors lexical semantics And lexical compatibility .
First of all, words (lexemes) should be used in strict accordance with their semantics (meaning). Each significant word has its own lexical meaning, naming the phenomena of reality, which correspond to certain concepts. With a clear presentation of thought, each word corresponds to its subject-logical meaning, otherwise the speech becomes incomprehensible, and sometimes even acquires a different meaning. Particular care must be taken when using borrowed vocabulary that has recently appeared in the language, or vice versa, outdated. Not knowing the exact meaning of this vocabulary group can lead to serious errors.
Violation of the semantic accuracy of speech may be the result of mixing paronyms. Paronyms are similar-sounding words with the same root that differ in meaning: practical - practical, place - place, efficient - efficient.
Compare the use of polysemantic verbs imagine And provide:
imagine– 1) present, report: present evidence; 2) introduce someone: introduce a new employee to the team; 3) petition for something: submit for an award; 4) compose, discover: be of significant value; 5) mentally imagine: imagine a picture of the battle; 6) depict, show: present in a funny way;
provide- 1) give at someone's disposal, use: provide an apartment, 2) give the right, the opportunity to do, carry out something: give the floor; 3) allow to act independently or leave unattended: leave it to yourself, leave it to chance.
Obviously the verbs imagine And provide cannot be used one instead of the other.
In some cases, paronyms can converge in meaning and be used as synonyms: conduct / produce experience, learn / master the material. It should be borne in mind that the words that form such synonymous pairs always differ in lexical compatibility and shades of meaning - cf .: learn a lesson – master production.
Paronyms may differ in stylistic coloring - cf .: tourist - tourist. Tourist voucher and tourist voucher - these options refer to different styles of speech, the first is typical for colloquial speech, the second is bookish in nature.
For the correct use of words in speech, it is not enough to know their meaning; it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of their lexical compatibility, i.e. the ability of words to connect with each other. Violation of lexical compatibility is one of the most common mistakes. In one legal document we read: “Pecuniary damage was recovered from him in favor of the victims”. But material damage is compensated, but money can be recovered.
Or another example: "This football team has won many great victories". However, you can win a cup or some place, but they win.
The inability to combine words into phrases can be caused by different reasons and above all - semantic incompatibility , for example, leaned back; they say cause grief, but it would be a mistake to say: cause joy.
In addition, in the Russian language such a phenomenon as polysemy , or ambiguity , the ability of words to have not one, but two or more meanings. For example, in the dictionary D.N. Ushakov recorded about 40 meanings of the verb go. Accordingly, each of these values will have different possibilities of compatibility with other lexemes.
So, the word deep in the sense of "having great depth" can be combined with nouns well, river, Lake etc. In the meaning of “reached the limit, complete, perfect”, this adjective is combined with a few: deep autumn, winter, but not summer, deep old age, but not youth. Therefore the proposal “In his deep youth he studied a lot” does not correspond to the norms of the Russian literary language.
Carelessness or negligence can cause speech insufficiency - omissions of words necessary for the exact expression of thought. With speech insufficiency, ambiguity often occurs or the statement becomes comical. Often in official documents you can find sentences of this type. “Citizen A. was walking down the street without a license plate”. It is clear that without a license plate there was a car driven by citizen A. Offers of this type either make it difficult to perceive information or cause laughter from listeners and readers, which is unacceptable, especially in official communication.
Speech redundancy can manifest itself in the use pleonasms . Pleonasm is a phrase in which words and synonyms that are close in meaning are combined, respectively, one of the words of such a phrase turns out to be unnecessary, superfluous. Wed: main point(the point is and there is something important), to foresee in advance, it is useless to disappear(or a phrase from a hit "I'm wasting my time...") etc.
Pleonasm is a type of tautology - repetition of the same or single-root words: ask a question, multiply many times, etc. Also, a tautology arises when a foreign and Russian word is combined, which has the same meaning: open vacancy(a vacancy is a vacancy) demobilize from the army(to be demobilized means to leave the army), debuted for the first time, etc. Such a tautology indicates that the speaker does not know the exact meaning of the borrowed word. Sometimes tautological combinations of this type pass into the category of permissible ones and are fixed in speech. As a rule, this is due to a change in the meanings of words. So there were combinations: reality,used book which are now perceived as corresponding to the norms of the literary language.
The repetition of single-root words should not always be considered as a mistake either, there are situations when repeated lexemes do not have synonyms or such a replacement does not provide a proper perception of the necessary information. Therefore, you have to put up with such phrases: investigators investigated, suffer from Graves' disease etc.
Often there are errors associated with incorrect use in speech synonyms . Synonyms are words that are close or identical in meaning, naming the same concept in different ways, but differing from each other in shades of meaning (they are called conceptual or semantic ), stylistic coloring ( stylistic synonyms), or both of these signs at the same time ( semantic-stylistic synonyms).
In addition, in the Russian language there are doublet synonymic pairs that are identical in meaning and use. Absolute (or doublet ) synonyms are most often book words: identical - identical, linguistics - linguistics.
The use of synonyms allows you to avoid the monotony and monotony of speech, in addition, synonyms often perform the function of clarification: when the next synonym complements the meaning of the previous one, for example: "This character is firm, resolute, courageous".
However, errors can occur when using synonyms, often because an ambiguous word can be synonymous with another in only one of its meanings. For example, the word typical for business texts inquiry in one of the meanings is synonymous with the word requirement (requests / requirements of buyers). At the same time, it does not have the inherent word requirement meanings "the norm, the order that something must comply with": product quality requirements. Word requests synonymous with interests in the context cultural (spiritual) requests (interests). But it does not mean "that which is good, serves for the benefit of something." You can't say: "Personal requests(follows interests ) should be combined with public ". same word inquiry as "an official request to give any information" is not synonymous with the word question, although some components of their meaning are the same. Not right: “Members of the trade union committee gave detailed answers to inquiries(follows: questions) about building a new house».
Thus, the use of synonyms requires special care from speakers and writers. The choice of a synonym that is appropriate in each particular case is helped by working with dictionaries of synonyms.
In addition to the main (subject-logical meaning), words may have stylistic coloring . The concept of the stylistic coloring of a word is usually associated with the attachment of the word to a certain area of use and with the emotional and expressive qualities of the word, i.e. its ability not only to name the phenomenon, but also to express the attitude to the subject of thought.
In the modern Russian literary language, according to the sphere of use, it differs: interstyle vocabulary , i.e. words that are used by everyone and in any conditions - write, work, smart; book and written vocabulary , which is mainly used in book and writing styles: scientific, official business; it includes scientific terms, clericalism; vocabulary of spoken language , which includes colloquial vocabulary inherent in everyday speech - painter, klutz, record book, vernacular, which is usually outside the norms of the literary language - bulldozer, mug, as well as dialectisms, jargon and professionalism, etc.
From the point of view of emotionally expressive coloring, words differ: neutral words , that is, devoid of emotionally expressive coloring: human, book; words expressing a positive assessment of the phenomenon ; in book and written vocabulary - the so-called lofty words giving solemnity to speech: fatherland, accomplishment; in the vocabulary of oral speech - such colloquial words as baby, boy and other nouns with diminutive suffixes; words expressing a negative assessment of the phenomenon ; in the book-written vocabulary - these are the so-called book-disapproving words: familiarize, simplification; in the vocabulary of oral speech - many colloquial and colloquial words expressing irony, mockery, neglect: beauty, girl, small fish and etc.
The concepts of "sphere of use" and "emotional-expressive coloring of the word" differ in content. A colloquial word can be, in terms of expressing evaluative moments, and neutral ( back in the meaning of "again"), and ironic ( krasulya), and rough ( nedotyka in the meaning of "touchy").
Errors in the use of such vocabulary are primarily associated with the inappropriateness of its use. The choice of a word should be determined not only by its lexical meaning, but also by the sphere of speech communication. For example, colloquial vocabulary is completely unacceptable in book styles - in scientific, official business. This also applies to emotionally colored vocabulary.
1. The concept of lexical norms, their aspects.
2. Lexical norms in terms of accuracy. Speech violations of lexical norms in terms of accuracy.
3. Lexical norms in terms of expressiveness.
4. Lexical norms from the point of view of language development.
1. The concept of lexical norms, their aspects.
Lexical norms- these are norms that regulate the rules for the use and combination of words in speech. The use of a word in speech is always determined by the features of its lexical meaning- content, which reflects our knowledge and understanding of an object, phenomenon, property or process.
When using a word in speech, we must ensure that, firstly, its lexical meaning is realized appropriately and correctly, and secondly, that the word correctly expresses our attitude, that is, it is expressive. In accordance with this, lexical norms have two aspects: precision and expressiveness.
2. Lexical norms in terms of accuracy. Speech violations of lexical norms in terms of accuracy.
Accuracy- the quality of speech, which lies in the correspondence of the semantic side of speech to reality, in the ability to find the right words to express one's thoughts.
The use of a word in speech is always determined, first of all, by the peculiarities of its lexical meaning, and also depends on the context - its environment.
Lexical norms that regulate the aspect of accuracy prescribe to avoid speech errors - violations of lexical norms. Let us briefly consider what these main speech flaws are.
1. Violation of lexical compatibility of words. Lexical compatibility of words is the ability of words to connect with each other. If you do not take into account the lexical meaning of words, as well as the tradition of combining words in a phrase, there is lexical incompatibility. For example, there are words whose compatibility in Russian is phraseologically related: stale bread, a callous person, but not stale torus t or callous friend. We can say deep night or deep old age but we can't talk deep day or deep youth. In some other cases, we are inattentive to the lexical meaning of the words that we combine into a phrase. For example, conversation read(this is an oral genre!), a conversation can be held, and a book or lecture can be read.
In this way , we examined lexical norms - the rules for using words in accordance with their meaning and expressive characteristics, got acquainted with the phenomena that accompany the development of our language.
1. The concept of lexical norm.
2. Errors associated with misunderstanding the meaning of the word.
3. Violation of the lexical compatibility of words.
4. The use of synonyms.
5. Shortcomings in the use of homonyms and polysemantic words.
6. Verbosity as a type of violation of lexical norms. Verbosity types.
7. Lexical incompleteness of the statement. False conciseness.
8. Difficulties in using new and obsolete words.
9. Rules for the use of words of foreign origin.
10. The use of words that have a limited scope.
11. Errors associated with the incorrect use of phraseological units.
12. Cliches, stamps and stationery.
1. THE CONCEPT OF A LEXICAL NORM.
The word is the most important unit of language, the most diverse and voluminous. It is the word that reflects all the changes taking place in the life of society.
When choosing words, we must pay attention to their meaning, stylistic coloring, usage, compatibility with other words, since violation of at least one of these criteria can lead to a speech error.
Consider how such errors appear, and talk about ways to fix them.
2. ERRORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE MISSION OF THE MEANING OF THE WORD
Firstly, this is the use of the word in an unusual meaning, for example: Thanks to a fire that broke out from a fire burned a large area of \u200b\u200bthe forest. It is clear that the word thanks to in this sentence should be replaced by another preposition - because of, due to or as a result.
Secondly, this is an incorrect choice of words-concepts with different division bases (concrete and abstract vocabulary), for example: Nobility two hundred men came out to meet him. nobility - this is a social class, a stratum of society, and only representatives of this society could come out to meet them, i.e. thieves.
Thirdly, errors often arise as a result of mixing paronyms (words that are similar in spelling and sound, but differ in meaning), for example: Man leads festive a life And I have today idle mood. The explanatory dictionary explains the meaning of these words as follows: festive - associated with the holiday; idle - not occupied with anything, idle, without useful employment. Therefore, in order to eliminate this violation of lexical norms, it is necessary to change the highlighted words in these sentences (Man leads an idle life).
3. VIOLATION OF LEXICAL COMPATIBILITY OF WORDS
Not all words can be combined with each other. The boundaries of lexical compatibility are determined by the meaning of words, their stylistic affiliation, emotional coloring, and grammatical properties. The compatibility of words is clearly violated in expressions terribly beautiful, terribly funny etc., as well as in the proposal Two the only question disturbed the inhabitants of the city ... (the only means « only one" ).
4. USE OF SYNONYMS
Synonyms are words that, when spelled and pronounced differently, have the same meaning. Synonyms may differ in shades of meaning, may express a different degree of manifestation of a feature or action. (large - colossal) and may have different stylistic coloring ( eyes - eyes). That is why it is so important to choose from a number of synonyms one that does not violate the lexical compatibility of words and conveys the idea correctly, for example, in a sentence Having made blunder, the plant manager immediately began to correct it - the highlighted synonym clearly does not correspond to the stylistic coloring of the sentence, instead of the word blunder you need to use its synonym oversight or mistake.
5. FAULTS IN THE USE OF HOMONYMS AND POLYSEMINAL WORDS
Homonyms are words that are spelled and pronounced the same, but have different meanings (spit - hairstyle, braid - grass cutting tool ). In itself, the use of ambiguous words or homonyms is not a mistake, but the ambiguity that arises in this case is a fairly common violation of lexical norms, for example: Crew is in excellent condition. From the context of the sentence, we do not understand what the meaning of the word is crew -"carriage, wagon" or "team, group". To remove this ambiguity, you need to expand the context: Crew ship is in excellent condition; Crew, drawn by a trio of black horses, is in excellent condition.
6. Verbosity as a type of violation of lexical norms. TYPES OF VERBOSY.
Verbosity is a common speech defect. There are four types of verbosity:
1) Tautology- repetition of single-root words or identical morphemes: At the end of the sixties complicated situation(correction option: At the end of the sixties there was difficult situation).
2) Pleonasm- the use in speech of words that are close in meaning and therefore logically superfluous words: All guests received commemorative souvenirs (souvenir - this is a "remembrance gift", so the word commemorative is logically redundant ).
3) Splitting the predicate- this is the replacement of the verbal predicate with a synonymous verb-nominal combination (fight - fight): Students decided to clean up school yard(correction option: Students decided to remove schoolyard).
7. LEXICAL INCOMPLETE STATEMENT. FALSE LACONISM.
Often they "forget" to use a word that must necessarily be with another - otherwise the meaning of the latter changes, and the whole phrase becomes inaccurate.
Introduce Chernomyrdin instead of Introduce the candidacy of Chernomyrdin; film will take place instead of the film will be shown, wind gusts reached 15-20 meters per second instead of reaching speed.
"False conciseness" most often arises from carelessness of speech, as, for example, in this statement: The exhibition presents the ACS subsystem "Labor - life - health" to determine the impact of working conditions on human productivity and health. It seems that here it should be said on productivity and human health. And although it turns out stylistic awkwardness: the impact of working conditions on labor productivity,- in this case, it is worth, given the specialized nature of the topic, to go for it in order to avoid the ambiguity not provided for by the lecturer, arising from the absence of the word labor.
So, instead of "A modern automatic plant includes dozens of complex units, machine tools and other equipment" it sounded: "A modern automatic plant includes dozens of complex units." The verb include can simultaneously mean "consists of", "contains" and "brings into action". Or: "People's committees are set up in every liberated city to direct the activities of the population in all areas." And you need to say: “in all areas of life”, because the word region in a figurative sense is used only in combination with a noun in the genitive case.
However, not every "folded" phrase should be considered as "false conciseness". If it, having arisen in any professional environment, becomes widespread and becomes generally understood, it is unreasonable to avoid its use in the lecturer's speech. For example, in a sports environment there is a use of words gold, silver, bronze in meaning gold medal, silver medal, bronze medal. And in a lecture on sports topics, in a conversation about any creative competition, such words are quite appropriate.
Along with the brevity of the sentence, the statement, it is necessary to achieve rational brevity of the presentation of the content side of the lecture, conversation.
8. DIFFICULTIES IN THE USE OF NEW AND OBSOLETE WORDS.
Badly formed new words are speech errors, lead to a violation of language norms, especially if they are used in scientific and official business styles of speech.
Last year on pitted repair of the road after the spring thaw was spent 200 million rubles ( Words pitted in the Russian literary language ).
The unjustified use of obsolete words also leads to a violation of lexical norms: Now the university had an open day(obsolete word now in this sentence should be replaced by the word today).
9. RULES FOR THE USE OF WORDS OF A FOREIGN LANGUAGE ORIGIN.
Words of foreign origin (foreign words) give unofficial speech an excessive clerical or scientific (bookish) character. It is possible to distinguish words that are foreign in origin from native Russians by the following features:
In order to correctly use a foreign word in speech, it is necessary, firstly, to accurately represent the meaning of the word, and secondly, to be sure that the thought cannot be conveyed otherwise. Failure to follow these rules results in errors such as: We offer roll over conference contract(to eliminate the violation of the lexical norm, it is necessary instead of the word roll over use the word extend).
10. USE OF WORDS THAT HAVE A LIMITED SCOPE.
Dialectal, vernacular and colloquial, as well as slang words have a strictly limited scope and should not be used in book (official business and scientific) speech. In everyday communication, such units of language should also be used with great care, since they make it difficult to perceive and complicate the process of communication.
Blocked the path Lesina (colloquial word Lesina means "log") .
I have quite skinny jacket(colloquial skinny in a sentence means "bad, worn out").
In the summer in the countryside I get up with cochets (kochet - dialect word meaning "cock").
11. ERRORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE MISUSE OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS.
Phraseologisms- stable combinations of words that are used, as a rule, in a figurative sense and the meaning of which lies not in the words that make up the phraseological unit itself, but in the speech turnover as a whole. Phraseologisms, as well as synonyms, can differ in stylistic coloring, for example, Foundation stone - book phraseology, and hang noodles on the ears - colloquial. When using phraseological units in speech, it should be remembered that even a slight change in the form or meaning of a phraseological unit leads to a violation of the lexical norm.
Khlestakov all the time casting pearls before pigs and everyone believes him. In this sentence phraseological unit cast pearls before swine used in the meaning of "to deceive", meanwhile, in the Russian literary language, a completely different meaning was assigned to this phraseological unit - "it is in vain to talk about something to someone who is not able to understand it." Therefore, you can correct the error in the sentence as follows: Khlestakov lies at every step, and officials believe him.
The change in the form of phraseological units can be observed in the following examples:
Everyone scolded her on what the light stood(right: what is the light on).
She always sits with her arms folded(right: folded arms).
It's time for you to take over mine mind(right: take up mind).
Well, at least hit the wall(right: fight head against the wall).
Remember that most phraseological units are impenetrable, that is, an additional unit cannot be added to their composition, and it is also impossible to remove a word or replace it.
12. CLICHES, STAMPS AND STATIONS.
Stamps they call expressions with lexical meaning dimmed from frequent use and erased emotionality. A variety of speech stamps are the so-called satellite words ( angry protest, deaf midnight, fierce cold).
Chancellery- these are words and speech turns from business papers, from documents
It is necessary to distinguish between vocabulary with the coloring of the official business style and clerical (clericalism). If in an official letter you can write “raise the question of marriage”, then in a letter addressed to your girlfriend, this combination of words is inappropriate. In the first case, this is the vocabulary of an official business style, in the second case it is clerical, a violation of the lexical norm.
Language cliche- these are ready-made speech turns that we use in standard communication situations or in documents (who is the last one? you need to prove ...; our special correspondent reports)
Unlike bureaucracy and clichés, clichés are constructive units of speech. They retain their value despite frequent use.
