Informative error examples. Grammar errors in Russian: examples

Error classification

Grammatical errors (G)- these are errors in the structure of a language unit: words, phrases or sentences, i.e. violation of any grammatical norm - word-formation, morphological, syntactic.

No. p / p

Error type Examples

Wrong word formation. Erroneous formation of forms of a noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, verb (personal forms of verbs, real and passive participles, adverbs).

nobility ness, miracle technology, according to d cherk, above laugh; more interesting, prettier; with five hundred rubles; juggled both hands, theirs pathos, around his there is nothing; how many moral principles we have lost because of the loss of spirituality; them moves feeling of compassion; streams of water, stackable down, startled the author of the text; above onto the stage, the singers bowed.

Violation of the norms of coordination

I am familiar with a group of guys, seriously captivating imisya jazz.

Violation of the norms of management

Need to make nature more beautiful. Everyone marveled at him by force.

Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate or the way the predicate is expressed

The main thing that I now want to pay attention to is the artistic side of the work. He wrote a book that epic. Everyone was happy and happy funny.

Errors in constructing sentences with homogeneous members

The country loved and was proud poet.

In my essay, I wanted to say about the meaning of sport and why I love it.

Errors in the construction of sentences with adverbial turnover

Reading the text, there is such a feeling of empathy.

Errors in constructing a sentence with participial turnover

The narrow path was covered failing snow under your feet.

Errors in the construction of a complex sentence

This book taught me to appreciate and respect friends, which I read as a child.

It seemed to the man then that this is a dream.

Violation of supply boundaries

He was not accepted into the basketball team. Because he was short.

Violation of the types of temporal correlation of verb forms

freezes for a moment the heart and suddenly will knock again.

Skipping a sentence member (ellipsis)

At the meeting there was accepted (?) spend Saturday.

Errors associated with the use of particles: detaching a particle from the component of the sentence to which it refers

It would be nice if the picture was would artist's signature. In the text Total two problems emerge.

Speech errors (P)- these are errors not in the construction of a sentence, not in the structure of a language unit, but in its use, most often in the use of a word, that is, a violation lexical norms. These are pleonasm, tautology, speech clichés, inappropriate use of colloquial vocabulary, dialectisms, jargon; expressive means, non-distinguishing of paronyms. Errors in the use of homonyms, antonyms, synonyms, ambiguity not eliminated by the context.

No. p / p

Error type Examples

The use of a word in an unusual sense

We were shocked great acting by the actors. Thanks to fire, the forest burned down.

Unjustified use of dialect and colloquial words

These people always succeed cheat others. Oblomov did nothing and spent whole days played the fool.

Bad use of pronouns

The text was written by V. Belov. He refers to the artistic style; I immediately had a picture in his imagination.

The use of words of a different stylistic coloring; mixing vocabulary from different eras; inappropriate use of stationery, expressive, emotionally colored words, outdated vocabulary, jargon, inappropriate use of phraseological units

By idea the author, the hero wins; Molchalin works Famusov's secretary; In the novel by A.S. Pushkin take place lyrical digressions; Author every now and then resorts to the use of metaphors and personifications. If I were there, then for such an attitude towards my mother, I would cupcake in gnawed would give; Zoshchenko don't put your finger in your mouth just to make the reader laugh.

Indistinguishability of shades of meaning introduced into the word by prefix and suffix

In such cases I I glance to the dictionary.

Non-distinguishing of paronyms, synonymous words; errors in the use of antonyms when constructing an antithesis; destruction of the figurative meaning of a phraseological unit in an unsuccessfully organized context

Were accepted spectacular measures; The name of this poet familiar in many countries; The third part of the text is not cheerful, but also not a major motive makes us think; the record hasn't said its word yet last word.

Violation of lexical compatibility

Use of superfluous words, including pleonasm

Young youth; very beautiful.

The use of words near or close to the same root (tautology)

In that the story is being told about real events.

Unjustified repetition of a word

Hero story does not think about his act. Hero does not even understand the full depth of what he did.

Poverty and monotony of syntactic constructions

When the writer came to the editor accepted by the editor-in-chief. When they talked, the writer went to the hotel.

Use of superfluous words, lexical redundancy

Then about to make you smile, about it our bookstore will take care.

Logical errors (L). Logical errors are associated with a violation of the logical correctness of speech. They arise as a result of a violation of the laws of logic, committed both within a single sentence, judgment, and at the level of the whole text.

No. p / p

Error type Examples

Comparison (opposition) of two logically heterogeneous (different in volume and content) concepts in a sentence, text

At the lesson were present director, librarian, as well as Anna Petrovna Ivanova and Zoya Ivanovna Petrova; He leaned back on the battery; Behind good study and parenting parents students received letters of thanks from the school administration.

Violation of causal relationships

AT last years lots of done to modernize education, but teachers work in the old way, as issues of modernization of education are being addressed weakly.

Skipping a link in an explanation, a "logical leap".

It is hardly possible to block the flow of people through our yard. [?] And how you want the yard to be an ornament of both the school and the village.

Rearrangement of parts of the text (if it is not due to the task for the essay or presentation)

It's time to return this word to its true meaning! Honor... But how to do it?

Unjustified substitution of the person from whom the narration is being conducted (for example, first from the first, then from the third person)

Comparison of logically disparate concepts

Syntax encyclopedia articles is excellent from other scientific articles.

Composition-text errors

Unsuccessful start

The text begins with a sentence containing an indication of the previous context, which is absent in the text itself, by the presence of demonstrative word forms in the first sentence, for example: In this text, the author ...

Mistakesin the main part

a) Convergence of relatively distant thoughts in one sentence.

b) Lack of consistency in presentation; incoherence and violation of the order of sentences.

c) The use of sentences of different types in structure, leading to difficulty in understanding the meaning.

Unfortunate ending

Duplication of the conclusion, unjustified repetition of the thought expressed earlier.

Factual Errors (F) - a kind of non-linguistic errors, which consists in the fact that the writer cites facts that contradict reality, gives incorrect information about the actual circumstances, both related and not related to the analyzed text (background knowledge)

No. p / p

Error type Examples

Bazarov was a nihilist and therefore killed an old woman with an ax; Lensky returned to his estate from England; Happiness for Oblomov was loneliness and indifference.

Inaccuracy in the quote. Lack of reference to the author of the quote. Misnamed citation author.

The book means a lot to me, because even Lenin said: “ Live and learn!»

Ignorance of historical and other facts, including temporary displacement.

Great Patriotic War 1812; The capital of the USA is New York.

Inaccuracies in the names, surnames, nicknames of literary heroes.

Distortions in the names of literary works, their genres, an error in indicating the author.

Turgen b ev; "Taras and Bulba"; in Turgenev's stories"Crime and Punishment".

Larisa Fominykh

Grammar or speech error?

The need to distinguish between grammatical and speech errors in creative works students is dictated by existing norms. The first type of error is integral part in the assessment for literacy, the second (as one of the components) - for the content. During check USE essays(part C) they should also be demarcated. However, in practice, there are often difficulties in their differentiation. The purpose of this note is to help the teacher in determining the nature of these shortcomings.

A grammatical error is a violation of the structure of a language unit: incorrect word formation (there is no such word in the language); incorrect formation of word forms; errors in the construction of phrases and sentences. Violations of this kind account for about 31%.

A grammatical error, depending on its nature, can be made in a word, in a phrase or in a sentence. It doesn't require context to discover it. Unlike spelling or punctuation, a grammatical error can be detected by ear, and not only in a written text, while a spelling error can only be detected in writing.

Consider main types of grammatical errors.

I. Erroneous word formation: cake; liked; chewing gum; showed indifference.

II. Errors in the formation of forms of different parts of speech:

1) nouns (gender; nominative and genitive plural forms; declension of indeclinable nouns): where is the second shoe? my birthday; our engineer; real friendships are few; ride on ponies;

2) adjectives (double comparative or superlative): less successful; the most beautiful fountain; more attractive;

3) numerals (incorrect formation of case forms of cardinal numbers; errors in the use of ordinal and collective numbers): over eight hundred meters; seven skiers; on page thirty-eight;

4) pronouns: how many hours of class? with their neighbors; evon book;

5) verbs: lay down walls; want to eat; erase from the board; chishet five times in a row; slam the door; drive straight; tomorrow I will tidy up (wash off); this also includes a violation of the species-temporal correlation of verb forms in the sentence: When December comes, the weather changes dramatically.

6) participles (they do not have a form of the future tense; they are not used with a particle by; you cannot mix recurrent and irrevocable forms): everyone who writes an essay will receive a credit; there is not a single book that would attract our attention; studied all available information; troops fighting the enemy;

7) gerunds: walked, looking around; applying ointment to the wound; having bought a service;

Sh. Syntax errors- violations in the construction of phrases and sentences:

1) errors in management: describes about the battle; thirst for power; I can't wait until I leave

2) in agreement: young people are eager to learn; people believe that life will not get better; with a group of tourists who are fond of rafting on mountain rivers;

4) in the construction of sentences with homogeneous members:

a) the member of the sentence and the subordinate part are used as homogeneous: I want to show the meaning of sport and why I love it;

b) with two verb-predicates there is a common object that cannot be used in this form with one of them: We remember and admire the exploits of heroes;

c) inaccurate use of double union: As the old people as well as the children were the first to be evacuated(it is necessary: ​​both ..., and ...). I not only prepared on my own, but also attended an elective(not only but…);

5) in the use of participial phrases: There is little difference between the topics written on the board;

6) participial phrases: Skating on the rink, my legs hurt. And then, preparing for the exams, it was as if he had been replaced.

7) in the construction of complex sentences (distortion of conjunctions; the use of two subordinating unions simultaneously; "stringing" of the same type of subordinate clauses): The bell rang, you need to go home. Everyone began to praise the performers as if they were real artists. He said what he did not know about this case. I heard that you asked me to tell you that you will come soon.

8) violation of the boundaries of proposals: 1. When the wind ran through. And the clouds quickly ran across the sky. 2. I poured a hedgehog of milk into a saucer. And put the hedgehog in the box.

However, one should be aware of the phenomenon of parcelling, when the author deliberately divides the sentence to give it more expressiveness or to highlight the thought: The very thought of betrayal makes me uncomfortable. Because it defies my beliefs.

9) mixing direct and indirect speech: A.S. Pushkin writes that I aroused good feelings with my lyre.

Main types speech errors

Speech errors- These are errors associated with violation of the requirements of correct speech. The reason for them is the poverty of the students' vocabulary, inexpressiveness of speech, indistinguishability of paronyms, non-compliance with the lexical compatibility of words, speech stamps, etc. From the point of view of grammar, there are no violations, all forms of words, syntactic constructions correspond to the language norm, however, in general, the text of the work indicates the poverty of the student's speech .

1) The use of words in an unusual meaning for them: The pathos of his work is laughter - the writer's formidable weapon. Monologue of wind and tree...

2) tautology (repetition of single-root words in one sentence): The enemy was getting closer and closer.The young district of the city was named after the name of the street. The writer vividly describes the events of the Great Patriotic War.

It should be noted that the use of single-root words in one sentence may be quite acceptable. In the Russian folk language, there are a number of expressions like: all sorts of things, jokes, do their job, roar roaring, howling howling, moaning with a groan. Either stand standing, or sit sitting, or lie down lying down. (proverb)

Many of them have already become phraseological units or are approaching them. In works of art, the author may consciously resort to tautology:

Soon the fairy tale tells, but not soon the deed is done. (A.S. Pushkin)

The smoke goes from the pipes to the chimney. (A.S. Pushkin)

I wish you and myself more pride, less pride. (K. Vanshenkin)

3) pleonasm (hidden tautology): the main leitmotif of his work; we invite you to meet the New Year holidays away from the cold, blizzards and cold weather; specific feature of creativity; colleagues;

4) mixing of paronyms: representatives of high society led a festive life; after a quarrel between neighbors, hostile relations were established; this dish is very filling;

5) violation of lexical compatibility: around gloating hunger, devastation; the standard of living of the population has deteriorated;

7) speech stamps: now let's talk about heating; in the summer we like to relax on the sea; the exam can be held at the end of the development of the subject;

8) dialect, vernacular, slang words: he is used to living for free; she looked great; in the image of Khlestakov, Gogol showed a terrible impudent person who shamelessly lies and grabs a bribe;

9) mixing vocabulary from different historical eras: Marya Kirillovna and the prince went to the registry office to get married. Liza served as a housekeeper for Famusov;

10) unjustified repetition of the same words in adjacent sentences (usually these are verbs of movement, being, speaking): Boy was dressed in a burnt padded jacket. Vatnik was darned roughly. And were he has worn trousers on. A soldier's boots were almost new.

Such a defect should be distinguished from repetition as a stylistic device, which is actively used by poets and writers:

Beauty does not go in vain.
Do not grow even in a black year
Maple in vain, and willow in vain,
And a vain flower on the pond. (Yu. Moritz)

Hazy noon breathes lazily,
The river flows lazily.
And in the fiery and pure firmament
Clouds drift lazily. (F. Tyutchev)

11) the unsuccessful use of personal and demonstrative pronouns as a means of connecting sentences (as a result of which ambiguity is created): Don't lend the company car to your wife. She is may get into an accident. We watched the film in the new cinema. From him we have a good impression.

12) bad word order: Dobrolyubov called merchants from Ostrovsky's plays representatives of the "dark kingdom". Prelude and nocturne for Scriabin's left hand were performed by Margarita Fedorova.

To make it easier to use the classification of these errors, we will present them in an abbreviated form in the table:

Training tasks

1. Find grammatical errors in sentences and determine their type.

1. The logs were heavy, so they were put on sticks and carried.

2. The accident occurred at the five hundred and eleventh kilometer from Moscow.

3. The management of the organization hopes that in this way they can stop the growth of the queue in kindergartens.

4. And we made a new swing in our yard!

5. Writing a review, Iskander used a rhetorical question.

6. These plans need and deserve all support.

7. But the father answered that you are still small for such work. Chatsky's ardent speeches are addressed to the nobility, who do not want and are even afraid of change.

8. Now the methods of water purification are becoming more perfect.

9. The spring sun shines brightly, and the birds sang.

10. Having risen to our floor, the door of our apartment was open.

11. From a distance, floating logs on the water were visible.

12. The sons of Taras dismounted from their horses, who studied in the Kiev bursa.

2. Find speech errors, determine their type.

1. We foresaw all the difficulties of the campaign in advance.

2. Khlestakov sat in the britzka and shouted: “Drive, my dear, to the airport!”

Assessment of knowledge, skills and abilities of students in the Russian language(Classification of logical, speech, factual errors)

Grade- this is a violation of the requirement of correctness of speech, a violation of the norms of the literary language. We say about her: you can’t say that, it’s wrong.

defect- this is a violation of the recommendations associated with the concept of good speech. We evaluate a defect from the standpoint of “worse or better” said or written. In other words, a defect is a minor mistake, a roughness of speech. You could say that, but it's better to say otherwise.

Language errors(grammatical) are associated with a violation of the structure of a language unit: these are incorrect word formation, violation of control links or agreement in a phrase, errors in the structure of a sentence (31%). All violations of grammatical norms are grammatical errors.

— Speech errors do not contain structural disorders (69%). They arise as a result of incorrect or unsuccessful use of words or syntactic constructions.

Grammatical errors- this is a violation of the norms of word and form formation, the norms of the syntactic connection between words in a phrase and sentence. To detect a grammatical error, context is not required, just one word, phrase, sentence is enough. A grammatical error can be made both in writing and in oral speech. These are non-linguistic errors associated with an incorrect presentation of facts (their substitution), as well as their exaggeration or understatement (actual defect).

Factual Errors- these are errors with violations of the information reliability and accuracy of the material presented in the source text (background facts): facts of the biography of the author or hero of the text, dates, surnames and authorship of the named works.

Classification of logical, speech, factual errors

In order to express yourself correctly in written and oral speech, you must constantly work on your education. Sometimes it is terribly embarrassing to read the largest news portals, whose journalists make simply enchanting mistakes.

We draw your attention to the fact that in the headings the correct variants of the words are indicated in brackets.

1. cardinally (cardinally)

Where the word monster came from is not clear. After all, the word "cardinal" and "coordinates" have absolutely nothing in common in meaning.

Cardinally - it is completely, fundamentally, in its entirety, in its entirety, in a radical way.

1. In general (in general or in general)

In general, I must say this: this error does not tolerate any compromises, therefore, either “in general” or “in general”.

In general, we add that the origin of this error, in general, is quite clear.

1. participate (participate)

Here, remembering the correct spelling and pronunciation is quite simple. To do this, ask yourself a test question: Are you ready to become a teacher? in stnik or not?

If not, then get involved, become a participant and start participating in self-education. There are only two "BB"s in the word, not three.

1. Tsya / tsya

One of the most favorite mistakes in Russian. Although to check it is enough to ask a simple question to the verb.

If we get “What to do?”, That is, there is a soft sign at the end, then the verb will also have it. If the question is put differently: “What is he doing?”, then there will be no “b” in the verb either.

1. Sorry (sorry)

If you have a certain and on, then must be brought out and knowledge. But don't even think about stuttering about e opinions. Izv and leafy and also cannot be considered and thread. If there is guilt, then ask for an apology.

1. put on / put on

Often on the street you can hear the irritated cry of a young mother: “Put on your hat immediately.” Not good…

It will be right to either dress someone or wear something. At school, teachers helped us remember this rule with an elementary example: put on clothes, but put on Nadezhda.

1. Coffee Expresso (espresso)

An express train is a transport that moves at an increased, against the usual, speed. But there is only espresso. No more "K" in "espresso" is inserted.

1. To the white knee (to the white heat)

It is possible that our knees under the meat, that is, the bones, are really white. But in this it is correct to say "up to a white heat." It means the following.

When a metal is tempered in fire, it first turns red, then turns yellow, and finally white. If you waited white color, so they brought it to the limit, that is, to white heat. There is nowhere further.

1. creaking heart (reluctantly heart)

The heart is not a cart and not the door of an old castle to creak. The correct spelling of this expression is reluctantly, and it denotes something that is done reluctantly, contrary to one's will. Reluctantly heart - it means having strengthened the heart, or in general - having strengthened.

1. During / during

This is also one of the most common mistakes in the Russian language. In order not to confuse the use of these two words, remember a simple rule: during e – This is a preposition that is associated with some period of time. That is, if the expression can be replaced by "during", then at the end there will be "E": during.

"During" is written only when it comes to the course of the river. For example: in a powerful current and the waters of their boat swirled uncontrollably.

1. Theirs (theirs)

One of the most terrible words for modern literate people. Although, in fact, in Russian classical literature (in particular at), this word is often found.

It's just that today it is outdated, so only an abbreviated version is used: them.

This is their home, their family, not their home, not their wife, and not her husband.

1. Also / the same

Errors in this use of Russian words come from an unwillingness to concentrate. But it's so simple: "also" is the same as the conjunction "and". For example: “Petya, Vanya will go to the store and Angela" = "Petya, Vanya will go to the store, and also Angela."

But “the same” means “exactly the same”: he loves his wife as much as his mother; he loves hunting as much as he loves fishing.

1. Painting / signature

Well, everything is quite simple here. You can paint the walls with graphics, but only a signature is put in the documents.

1. to lay down (lay down)

With the words "I lay down, I lay down" there is a wonderful anecdote about a lieutenant and an ordinary soldier. But the author of this article did not remember him, so if you know him, please write him in the comments. Very useful for memorization.

So, in what cases is it correct to use the words "put" and "put"?

And a few examples to reinforce.

• I already have you laid tiles, but I will put again.
• luggage chips. You too put chips on the table.
• So I I put this card here.

If the principle is still not fully understood, save it to your wall at any social network the following picture.

1. In Kratsia (briefly)

Judging by the statistics, such an absolutely wild mistake is quite common in the Russian language. The word "short" means "abbreviated".

What is a walkie-talkie - we also know. But what is the mysterious “in Kratz” is hard to even imagine.

1. Inside (inside)

It is correct to speak and write only together: “inside”.

• This medicine is taken by mouth.
• They wanted to look inside the tank.
• They entered the building.
• It was dark inside the room.

1. Sunday / Sunday

If you mean the day of the week, then be sure to use a soft sign: Sunday b e. If you are talking about how Christ rose from the dead, then say through "and": resurrected and e.

1. Creams (creams)

In a professional environment, you can often hear the wrong version of this word, that is, with pronunciation through "A". However, correctly, after all, there will be “creams”. Just remember it.

1. Agency (Agency)

Pretty too common mistake found in Russian. But here the test word "agen t". Therefore, the correct option is only "agen t stvo".

1. scrupulous (scrupulous)

A difficult word that many pronounce and spell incorrectly. We offer this option for memorization (fix only the underlined words): tearful the poor man eats groats . Now let's combine these two parts: groats lezny.

It sounds absurd, but tomorrow try to write this word correctly without peeping, and you will immediately have lacrimal the face of a poor man who devours groats for both cheeks. You immediately remember: groats lezny.

1. Too much (too much)

In the Udmurt Republic () there is the Chur River. If you are talking about her, then you can say this: we passed through Chur.

In all other cases, this word is written together and through the letter “C”: too much.

1. Functionality (Functionality)

As a rule, the word "functional" is mistakenly called a set of some functions. However, it is correct to say "functionality". For example, the functionality of a new smartphone or computer.

The functional is from the area . Therefore, if you are not a mathematician, simply forget the word "functional" and do not use it in your speech.

1. Try (try)

We will not go into details, but simply give a well-known rule of the Russian language: if in the first person singular of the present or future tense the verb ends in -th or -th, then in the indefinite form and in the past tense, the suffixes -eva-, -ova- are used . Try wow– try ova th.

1. Komforka (burner)

Previously, this word could be written and spoken through "M". But today only one norm is considered correct: “burner”.

1. Extreme (extreme)

Regrettably, but for the word "extra e small" cannot use "extra and m" as a test word. This has happened historically, so just remember.

1. From under the quiet (on the sly)

It is written only in one piece. To remember, read a few simple examples.

• He looked down at her.
• The children were spoiled and did everything on the sly.
• He is kind only in appearance, but he himself is dirty on the sly.

1. My birthday (my birthday)

As soon as the "lovers" of the Russian language did not distort this phrase! How to remember the correct option? Yes, simple! We are talking about the DAY, therefore, it is not “mine”, but “mine”. Next, we ask the question: the day of what? Birth. My birthday.

Here it is appropriate to recall that the names of public holidays containing the word "day" are capitalized, and only the word "Day". For example: Knowledge Day, National Unity Day, Cosmonautics Day, etc.

But the names of personal holidays are usually written with a small letter: birthday, angel's day, etc.

1. to adore (to adore)

The explanatory dictionary of the Russian language claims that “to adore” comes from “god about create." Therefore, it is written exclusively through "O": about about reap.

1. slip (slip)

There is no "D" in this verb and never was. A man was walking on a slippery road, slipped and fell. The question is, what does the letter "D" have to do with it? Don't know either? Then don't write it.

By the way, many also try to insert the letter “D” into the verb “mock”, which, of course, is completely wrong.

1. Sympathetic (pretty)

Simp a tic is the one who causes the symptom a tiyu. But the letter "O" is completely useless here.

Well, this is where we will finish the list of the most common mistakes in the Russian language, although the list, no doubt, can be continued for a long time.

In the end, we only note that a person who reads regularly will simply not be able to make the above mistakes of the Russian language. Well, except perhaps as an exception or inattention.

If any acute errors are not indicated in this article, write about it in the comments.

Let's hit the rampant illiteracy with education together!

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What are speech errors? These are any cases of deviation from the language norms that are valid. A person without knowledge of these laws can work normally, live, build communications with others. However, in certain cases, efficiency may suffer. There is a risk of being misunderstood or misunderstood. In these and other cases, it is simply necessary to know what errors exist and how to deal with them.

Correcting speech errors in sentences is not always easy. In order to understand what exactly to pay attention to when composing this or that oral statement or written text, we created this classification. After reading this article, you will find out exactly what shortcomings will need to be corrected when you are faced with such a task.

When classifying speech errors, it would be logical to consider the unit of the linguistic tier as the fundamental criterion - the one, the norms of writing, education, the functioning of which was violated. The following levels are distinguished: words, phrases, sentences and text. A classification of speech errors was created using this division. This will make it easier to remember the different types.

At the word level

The word is the most important unit of language. It reflects the changes taking place in society. Words not only name a phenomenon or object, but also perform an emotionally expressive function. Therefore, when choosing which of them are appropriate in a particular case, one should pay attention to stylistic coloring, meaning, compatibility, and usage, since a violation of at least one of these criteria can lead to a speech error.

Here we can note spelling errors, that is, a violation of the spelling that exists in modern Russian. Their list is known, so we will not dwell on this in detail.

Derivatives at the word level

At the word level, there are also word-formation speech errors, that is, a violation of various norms of word formation in the Russian literary language. These include the following types:

• incorrect direct word formation. An example is the use of the word "hare" instead of the correct version of "hare", or a "thoughtful" (instead of "thoughtful") look, and others.
• speech error associated with incorrect reverse word formation. For example, "loga" (from the word "spoon"). Such use is usually inherent in children of primary school or preschool age.
• another type is a substitutive word formation, which manifests itself in the replacement of one or another morpheme: "weigh" (from the word "hang"), "throw", used instead of "throw".
• word-composing, that is, the creation of a derivative unit, which cannot be considered as occasional: reviewer, winder.

All these are types of speech errors that are related to word-formation.

Grammar at the word level

There are also other varieties of misuse of words. There are in the Russian language, in addition to word-formation, both grammatical and speech errors. They should be able to distinguish. Grammatical errors are the incorrect formation of various forms, a violation of the properties of the formative system in different parts of speech. These include the following varieties:

• associated with a noun. This may be the formation of the form of the accusative case of some inanimate noun by analogy with an animate one. For example, "She asked for a breeze" (you should use the accusative form "breeze"). Here we also include the reverse situation - the formation of the form of the accusative case in an animate noun in the same way as in an inanimate one. Example: "Two bears harnessed to the sleigh" (correct: "two bears"). In addition, when forming case forms, there may be a change in the gender of the noun: "February blue", "pie with jam". There are times when indeclinable names are inclined: "to ride a meter", "to play the piano". Some of us sometimes form plural forms of nouns, while they only have a singular, and vice versa: "a tray of teas."
• speech errors associated with the adjective. This may be the wrong choice of short or long forms: "The man was very full", "The building was full of people." Here we also include the incorrect formation of degrees of comparison: "Lena was weaker than Luda", "The new ones are becoming more combative."
• another speech error is an error associated with the verb (the forms of its formation). Example: "A person is rushing around the room."
• speech errors associated with participles and gerunds. Examples: "Looking around, a hunter was walking", "Riding in a bus."
• errors related to the incorrect use of forms of pronouns: "I did not want to tear myself away from (the book)," "Their contribution to the common cause" and others.

Lexical at the word level

The next type of errors is lexical, that is, violation of various lexical norms, lexical-semantic compatibility and word usage norms. They are manifested in the fact that compatibility is violated (less often - in a sentence, most often - at the level of a phrase).

This may be the use of an unusual meaning for the word. Such a speech error was made in the sentence "All the walls of the room were covered with panels" (you cannot use the word "covered" in this context). Another example: "Luxurious (that is, living in luxury) was the landowner Troekurov."

It should also be noted here that there is a violation of the lexical-semantic compatibility of a certain word: "The sky was bright" ("to stand" in the meaning of "take place" can only be used in relation to the weather), "The rays of the sun lay on the meadow" (correctly: "illuminated the meadow" ). This type of error primarily affects the verb.

In addition, one can distinguish the attribution of some figurative meaning to a word that does not have it: "The overworked hands of this man say that he had to work hard."

The use of synonyms can also be incorrect. These are speech errors, examples of which are as follows: "Mayakovsky uses satire in his work" (instead of "uses"), "With his legs wide apart, the boy looks at the football field on which the players are fighting" (correctly - "fight"). Here we highlight the confusion of the meanings of paronyms: “His eyebrows rose surprisingly” (instead of “surprised”), “This work is a typical image of the fantastic genre (that's right -“ sample ”). these lakes live for several days a year.

At the phrase level

When choosing a word, one should take into account not only its meaning in the literary language, but also lexical compatibility. Not all words can be combined. This is determined by their semantics, emotional coloring, stylistic affiliation, grammatical properties, etc. When it is difficult to determine whether certain words can be used together, one should refer to the compatibility dictionary. This will help to avoid errors at the level of phrases, sentences, as well as text.

Errors at this level occur when there is a violation of various syntactic links. For example, agreements: "I want to teach everyone volleyball - this is a good, but at the same time hard sport" (good, hard sport). Controls: "I feel thirst for glory", "I am amazed by his strength", "gain strength". The connection between the predicate and the subject may be broken: "Neither the heat nor the summer is eternal (the singular form is used instead of the plural "eternal"). All these are types of speech errors at the level of the phrase.

Offer level errors

At this level, we can distinguish syntactic and communicative. Let us consider in detail these speech errors in Russian.

Syntax errors at the sentence level

This may be unjustified parceling, violation of structural boundaries. As an example, the following sentences with speech errors can be cited: "Seryozha went hunting. With dogs", "I see. My dogs are running around the field. They are chasing a hare." Syntax errors include violations in the construction of various homogeneous series: the choice different forms in a series of homogeneous members: "She was combed smoothly, ruddy." Another variety is their different structural design, for example, as a subordinate clause and as a secondary sentence: "I wanted to tell you about the case with that person and why he did this (correctly" and about his act ""). There may also be a mixture of indirect and direct speech: “She said that I would definitely fight (here the same subject is meant - “she”, correctly - “will be”). Violation in the subordinate and main clauses of the aspect-temporal correlation of predicates or homogeneous members: "She goes and said," "When the girl was sleeping, she sees a dream." And another variation is a separation from the defining word of the subordinate clause: "One of the works in front of us hangs, which is called" Spring ".

Communication errors at the sentence level

The next section is communicative errors, that is, violations of various norms that regulate the communicative organization of a certain utterance. They are as follows:

• actually communicative (violation of logical stress and word order, leading to the fact that false semantic connections are obtained): "The boys are located on the boat with the keel up."
• logical-communicative (violation of such a side of the statement as conceptual-logical). This may be a substitution of the subject performing the action ("Masha's eyes and facial contours are carried away by the film"); substitution of the object of action ("I like Pushkin's poems, especially the theme of love"); the combination of logically incompatible concepts in one row ("He is always serious, of medium height, his hair is a little curly at the edges, inoffensive"); violation of various genus-species relations ("The tone of angry gatherings is not difficult to predict - angry speeches against the regime, as well as calls to rally the ranks"); an error when using causal relationships ("But he (that is, Bazarov) calmed down quickly, since he did not really believe in nihilism").

• constructive-communicative, that is, a violation of the laws of construction of statements. This may be a poor connection or lack of it between parts of the statement: "They live in the village, when I visited him, I saw his blue eyes." This also includes the use of a participial turnover without connection with the subject related to it: "Life should be shown as it is, without worsening or embellishing it." Another type of such errors is the break in participial turnover: "There is little difference between the written questions on the board."
• information-communicative, or semantic-communicative. This type is close to the previous one, however, it differs in that here there is a deterioration in communicative properties not due to incorrect, unsuccessful structuring of the statement, but due to the absence of part of the information in it or its excess. This may be the vagueness of the primary intention of the statement: "We are inextricably linked with the country, with it we have the main blow - a blow to the world." Its incompleteness can also be attributed here: "I myself adore plants, so I am glad to see that our village becomes so unrecognizable in summer." This may be the omission of part of the statement and the necessary words, semantic redundancy (repetitions of words, tautology, pleonasms, duplication of information), etc.
• stylistic errors, that is, a violation of the unity of the functional style, the use (unjustified) of stylistically marked, emotionally colored means. For example, the use of various colloquial words in literary speech, book expressions in reduced and neutral contexts, expressive vocabulary that is unjustified (“A couple of robbers attacked the American embassy”), unsuccessful comparisons, metonymy, metaphors.

At the text level

All errors at this level are communicative in nature. They can be of the following types:

• logical violations are very common errors at the text level. Here we include a violation of the logic of thought, the absence of links between sentences, a violation of various cause-and-effect relationships, operations with an object or subject, a violation of generic relations.
• grammatical violations. This type of error is also common. Here there may be a violation in different sentences of the aspect-temporal correlation of various verb forms, as well as a violation of agreement in the number and gender of the predicate and subject in different sentences.
• information and communication disorders. These include constructive and informational-semantic insufficiency, that is, the omission of part of the statement in the text; constructive and information-semantic redundancy (in other words, an excess of meaning and a heap of structures); discrepancy between the constructive specification of the semantics of statements; unsuccessful use of pronouns as a means of communication; pleonasms, tautologies, repetitions.

Stylistic errors in the text

Style violations existing at the text level can be considered in a similar way. At the same time, it should be noted that we also attribute to them the monotony and poverty of syntactic constructions, since texts like: “The boy was dressed very simply. syntactic violations, but about the inability to express thoughts in a variety of ways. At the level of the text, speech disorders are more complex than at the level of the utterance, although in the latter they are "isomorphic". As a rule, textual errors are of a syncretic nature, that is, they incorrectly use the constructive, lexical, logical aspects of a speech unit. This is natural, since the text is more difficult to build. At the same time, it is necessary to keep in our memory previous statements, as well as the semantics of the entire text and the general idea, creating its continuation and completion.

The ability to find flaws in the text, as well as correcting speech errors, are important tasks that every school graduate faces. Indeed, in order to write the exam well in the Russian language, it is necessary to learn how to identify all of the above types of errors and try to avoid them as much as possible.

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