Battery from improvised means. For skillful hands - homemade battery

In this video tutorial, we will show you how to make a battery with your own hands. To make it, we need a small container with a lid, soda, water, charger.

Pour water into a vitamin jar, pour 1.5 teaspoons of baking soda into it. Mix the solution well. Let's clean up welding electrode from coverage. We cut off two pieces of 7 cm from the electrode. We bend the ends of these blanks. We insert these blanks into the holes in the lid and twist it into a bottle.

We connect the charger to the ends of the battery. We charge the battery for 10 minutes and check the operation of a homemade battery. Estimated output voltage is 1.5-2.5 volts. This power is enough when charging for 3 hours for 20 minutes of LED glow. To prevent your battery from swelling, do not make it airtight.

Another way to make a homemade battery

Homemade battery from improvised materials with a minimum of tools. Imagine a situation where there are no necessary details nearby, or rather, there is a minimum, but you are in the field, when there is no variety. We will have to experimentally artificially limit ourselves to the choice of materials.

Let us take, for lack of copper in the plates, copper wire. We will remove the insulation with the help of fire. We cut a piece of galvanized iron into identical plates. Wires with insulation for connecting the circuit. You can immediately take a conductive wire without insulation. You also need to find a plastic bottle, any dielectric will do. Conductive liquid solution (hydrochloric or acidic, alkaline). Disposable cups.

To begin with, we twist the wire annealed on fire to increase the area into a cylinder. We cut identical plates from galvanization according to the template and turn them into cylinders (we bend the corner to clamp the contact wire in it).

From plastic bottle we cut the gasket material, which will be located between copper and galvanization. We assemble the battery cells, fix one end of the wire on the thread, the other on zinc and two single ones. One with copper is positive and one with zinc is negative.

We collect the battery in a series circuit. To begin with, let's try to fill in a solution saturated with salt. In the field, any saline solution, urine, and more will do. Voltage 7.74 volts. Let's replace the saline solution with an acid one; table vinegar was used in the experiment. In the field, sour wine, sorrel infusion, cranberry juice and more are suitable for ours. Voltage 8.05 volts.

Let's replace it with an alkaline solution, you can try to replace baking soda in nature with ash placed in water (lye), but you need to experiment to check. Voltage 9.65 volts.

So let's summarize: on average, out of 10 elements we get 8 volts, one cup is equal to 1.25 volts. To reduce the voltage for charging the phone (5.5 volts), we remove two cups, the procedure takes 20 seconds. Or increase to 4.5 volts by adding 5 cups. So you can make a battery when there is no way to buy it, with your own hands.

Of course, now there are no problems with buying batteries and accumulators, but, apparently, it will be interesting for you to get acquainted

with gas accumulator design. Consider the design of the simplest battery. Design

the battery is so simple that anyone can repeat it. (which is not unimportant, and has already been discussed in the comments ..)

1. container 5.15% saline solution

2.lid 6.pouch with activated carbon

3. carbon rod 7. clamp (clamp)

4.activated carbon 8.plug

The design of the battery is clear from the figure. Opaque container 1 with lid 2 is filled with electrolyte - 15%

saline solution. Two identical electrodes are lowered into the container. The electrode consists of a carbon rod,

around which there is a bag 6 with activated carbon 4. The bags must be wrapped tightly

threads to ensure good contact of the electrode with activated carbon. Activated carbon layer thickness

should not exceed 15mm.

Battery. A simple homemade battery.

If you add 1g of boric acid and 2g of sugar to the solution for every liter, then battery performance will improve.

Sugar is added during long discharge cycles. Charge the battery with direct current at the rate of 4.5 volts

for each element (jar). Charging time up to 12 hours. Full charge signal - copious gas emission. For

so that the gases do not “squeeze out” the electrolyte from the container, a plug is provided, which is necessary when charging

open. To get a capacity of 1a * h, you need to use 65g of activated carbon. Electrolyte change once per

1. If the walls of the vessel transmit light, the battery will quickly discharge. The container outside can

2. It is better to use distilled water or melt snow, as tap water is highly mineralized, and

3. 15% common salt solution is obtained by diluting 5 tablespoons of salt in one liter of water.

well, here's more:
Homemade battery
If you don’t have a set of fresh batteries on hand, you can make a homemade power supply. To do this, you will need two carbon rods from an old battery, two woven bags with a diameter of 20.25 mm and a height of 60 mm. Rods are installed in them and filled with activated carbon (crushed medical tablets).

The following solution is used as an electrolyte: dissolve 5 tablespoons of table salt, 2 g of boric acid and 3 g of sugar in 1 liter of water.

The walls of the glass jar need to be painted with black paint.
The power supply will output 1.5V.

How to make a battery with your own hands
Of course, now there are no problems with buying batteries and accumulators, but, apparently, it will be interesting for you to get acquainted with the design of a gas accumulator. Consider

battery blocks of 200A

Next, we solder in each block 80 pieces in parallel, 4 cans each, we use cassettes for a set of battery cans, you can buy on aliexpress. We also need a copper bus with a thickness of 1-2mm. thin copper wire. Next, solder the findings from every 4 pcs. 18650 for the controller that will monitor the charge of the cans.

We connect 3 such assemblies in series and get a powerful battery.

Quality Li-ion 18650 charging systems

IMAX B6 MINI PROFESSIONAL BALANCE CHARGER/DISCHARGER

Opus BT-C3100 (version 2.2) Intelligent Li-ion/NiCd/NiMH battery charger

How does the BMS board work?

- increase service life,

– keeping the battery in working condition.

Functions BMS (Battery Management System)

1. Element state control battery from point of view:

– voltage: total voltage, individual cell voltage, minimum and maximum cell voltage,

- charge and depth of discharge,

– charge/discharge currents,

Incorrect charging is one of the most common causes of li-ion battery failure, so charge control is one of the main functions of the BMS microcontroller.

Based on the above points, BMS evaluates:

– maximum allowable charge current,

– maximum allowable discharge current,

- the amount of current during discharge,

is the internal resistance of the cell,

- the total operating time of the battery during operation.

The BMS protects the battery by preventing it from exceeding safe operating limits. BMS guarantees the safety of connecting / disconnecting the load, flexible load management, protects the battery from:

– overcurrent,

– overvoltage (during charging),

- voltage drops below the permissible level (during discharge),

1. Balancing. Balancing is a method of evenly distributing charge among all cells in a battery, thereby maximizing battery life.

– providing a modular charging process,

- by adjusting the output currents of the battery cells connected to the consumer.

How to do powerful battery do it yourself
We make a powerful power bank for 12 volt 200A / h We need 240 pieces of 18650 A lot of tin and a lot of patience

A battery or galvanic cell is a chemical source of electric current. All batteries sold in stores, in fact, have the same design. They use two electrodes different composition. The main element for the negative terminal (anode) of saline and alkaline batteries is zinc, and for their positive (cathode) manganese. The cathode of lithium batteries is made of lithium, and a wide variety of materials are used for the anode.

An electrolyte is located between the electrodes of the batteries. Its composition is different: for salt batteries with the lowest resource, ammonium chloride is used. Alkaline batteries use potassium hydroxide, while lithium batteries use an organic electrolyte.

When the electrolyte interacts with the anode, an excess of electrons is formed near it, which creates a potential difference between the electrodes. When closing electrical circuit the number of electrons is constantly replenished by a chemical reaction, and the battery keeps the current flowing through the load. In this case, the anode material gradually corrodes and collapses. With its full development, the battery life is exhausted.

Despite the fact that the composition of the batteries is balanced by manufacturers to ensure their long and stable operation, you can make the battery yourself. Consider several ways how you can make a battery with your own hands.

Method one: a lemon battery

This homemade battery will use an electrolyte based on citric acid found in the pulp of a lemon. For electrodes, take copper and iron wires, nails or pins. The copper electrode will be positive, and the iron electrode will be negative.

The lemon needs to be cut across into two parts. For greater stability, the halves are placed in small containers (glasses or glasses). It is necessary to connect the wires to the electrodes and immerse them in a lemon at a distance of 0.5 - 1 cm.

Now you need to take a multimeter and measure the voltage on the resulting galvanic cell. If it is not enough, then you will also need to make several identical lemon batteries with your own hands and connect them in series using the same wires.

Method two: a jar of electrolyte

To assemble a device with your own hands, similar in design to the first battery in the world, you will need a glass jar or a glass. We use zinc or aluminum (anode) and copper (cathode) for the electrode material. To increase the efficiency of the element, their area should be as large as possible. It would be better to solder the wires, but the wire will have to be attached to the aluminum electrode with a rivet or bolted connection, since it is difficult to solder it.

The electrodes are immersed inside the jar so that they do not touch each other, and their ends are above the level of the jar. It is better to fix them by installing a spacer or slotted cover.
For the electrolyte, we use an aqueous solution of ammonia (50 g per 100 ml of water). Aqueous ammonia solution ( ammonia) is not the ammonia used for our experiment. Ammonium chloride (ammonium chloride) is an odorless powder white color used in soldering as a flux or as a fertilizer.

The second option for preparing the electrolyte is to make a 20% solution of sulfuric acid. In this case, you need to pour acid into water, and in no case vice versa. Otherwise, the water will instantly boil and its splashes, along with acid, will fall on clothes, face and eyes.

Protective goggles and chemical resistant gloves are recommended when working with concentrated acids. Before you make a battery using sulfuric acid, you should study the safety rules when working with aggressive substances in more detail.

It remains to pour the resulting solution into a jar so that at least 2 mm of free space remains to the edges of the vessel. Then, using a tester, select the required number of cans.

A self-assembled battery is similar in composition to a salt battery, as it contains ammonium chloride and zinc.

Method three: copper coins

The ingredients for making such a battery with your own hands are:

• copper coins,
• aluminium foil,
• thick cardboard,
• table vinegar,
• wires.

It is easy to guess that the electrodes will be copper and aluminum, and an aqueous solution of acetic acid is used as an electrolyte.

Coins first need to be cleaned of oxides. To do this, they will need to be briefly dipped in vinegar. Then we make circles of cardboard and foil according to the size of the coins, using one of them as a template. We cut out the mugs with scissors, put the cardboard ones in vinegar for a while: they should be saturated with electrolyte.

During the operation of this self-assembled battery, the coins will become completely unusable, so do not use numismatic material that is of cultural and material value.

Method four: a battery in a beer can

The anode of the battery is the aluminum body of the beer can. The cathode is a graphite rod.

• a piece of foam with a thickness of more than 1 cm,
• coal chips or dust (you can use what is left of the fire),
• water and common table salt
• wax or paraffin (candles can be used).

From the jar you need to cut off the top. Then make a circle of foam plastic according to the size of the bottom of the can and insert it inside, having previously made a hole in the middle for the graphite rod. The rod itself is inserted into the jar strictly in the center, the cavity between it and the walls is filled with coal chips. Then an aqueous solution of salt is prepared (3 tablespoons per 500 ml of water) and poured into a jar. To prevent the solution from spilling out, the edges of the jar are filled with wax or paraffin.

Clothespins can be used to connect wires to graphite rods.

Method five: potatoes, salt and toothpaste

This battery is disposable. It is suitable for starting a fire by shorting the wires to produce a spark.

To create a potato lighter you will need:

• big potato,
• two copper wires insulated,
• toothpicks or

Homemade battery from improvised means
How to make a homemade battery from available materials. Short description the principle of battery operation. How to make a battery from a lemon, copper coins, potatoes, aluminum cans.

How easy it is to make a battery

Hello everyone again thinkers! Today I will tell you how to make a battery yourself and from improvised materials!

AA batteries are widely used cylindrical batteries with a nominal value of about 1.5V, about 49-50mm in length and 13.5-14.5mm in diameter. They are easy to make yourself, and the very manufacture of this brain homemade can serve as an excellent visual aid for explaining physical and chemical processes to children.

Step 1: Materials and Tools

• corrugated cardboard
• copper flat washers with a diameter of 10 mm - 12 pcs.
• zinc flat washers with a diameter of 10mm - 14-16pcs.
• heat-shrink tubing
• distilled water - 120ml
• vinegar - 30 ml
• table salt - 4 tablespoons.
• soldering iron and solder
• solution mixing cup
• digital multimeter
• scissors
• sandpaper
• needle nose pliers
• lighter or hot air gun
• old AA battery for verification

Step 2: Cleaning Washers

The basis of this homemade 11 copper-zinc elements that "give out" 1.5V. Copper and zinc washers must enter into chemical reactions, so we clean them from oxides, dirt, etc. Using brainskin with 100 grains, we do not just clean the washers, but polish them to a shine.

Step 3: Electrolyte preparation

Copper and zinc create a potential difference, but you also need a medium through which charges will pass between these potentials. For the electrolyte, dissolve 4 tablespoons of salt in 120 ml of distilled water, mix everything thoroughly until completely dissolved, then add 30 ml of vinegar and let it brew.

Step 4: Cardboard

To keep the washers at a distance from each other, you need to lay them brainboard, namely corrugated cardboard impregnated with electrolyte. We cut the corrugated cardboard into squares with a side of 1 cm and soak them in electrolyte, which was infused for at least 5 minutes after adding vinegar.

Step 5: Stretching the Tube

Now you need to slightly modify the heat shrink tube. To make it easier to install copper-zinc battery cells into the tube, we stretch the tube itself with needle nose pliers by about 10% of the initial diameter.

Step 6: Testing

It's time to test our elements. Put on a copper washer braincardboard, impregnated with electrolyte, and a zinc washer on it. Use gloves! Next, turn on the multimeter in the “constant 20V” mode, touch the copper washer with the black wire, and the zinc washer with the red one. The multimeter should show about 0.05-0.15V, this is enough to create a battery of 11 copper-zinc cells.

Step 7: Battery Assembly

We collect the battery from the prepared elements: copper - zinc - cardboard. It is in this sequence. See photo.

First, we insert a copper washer into the tube, align it perpendicular to the length of the tube, put a zinc washer on it, then cardboard, and so on, all 11 elements. For convenience, lightly tamp the elements with a plastic rod.

After installing the last zinc washer, we verify the resulting workpiece homemade with an old standard AA battery, if necessary, add another zinc washer. After adjusting the length, we heat the tube, thereby forming a battery, cut off the excess ends.

Step 8: Mounting the contacts

It remains to add contacts. We heat up soldering iron and solder balls of solder to the ends of the battery. That is, we solder a ball of solder onto the copper end, so that when installed in the battery holder, our homemade product touches the contact of the battery holder. Then we turn the battery over and do the same with the zinc end.

Step 9: Everything is ready, apply!

A homemade battery is ready, let's try it in action. We connect the multimeter in the "constant 20V" mode and measure the voltage, it should be about 1.5V

If the voltage is below 1.5 V, then try stretching the battery a little, if this does not help, then you may have made a mistake in the order in which the washers were installed.

If everything is in order, then install the battery in your favorite braingadgets and enjoy their work!

How easy it is to make a battery
How easy it is to make a battery Greetings to all brainers again! Today I will tell you how to make a battery yourself and from improvised materials! AA batteries are widely

Of course, the battery is easy to buy at any hardware store, electronics store or hypermarket. However, for the sake of interesting experiments and gaining knowledge of the "school of life", it is still worth knowing how to make a battery with your own hands. Moreover, the process of such work is very entertaining and uncomplicated.

Lemon battery: two options

For the first option you will need:

• actual lemon;
• galvanized nail;
• 2 small pieces of copper wire;
• copper coin;
• small light bulb.

The work process is as follows:

1. Make two cuts on the fruit at some distance from each other.
2. Place a nail in one notch and a coin in the other.
3. Connect a piece of wire to both the nail and the coin. The second ends of this makeshift wiring should be in contact with the contacts of the light bulb.
4. And all - let there be light!

A homemade sour fruit battery can also be made using:

• the same lemon;
• paper clip;
• light bulbs;
• 2 pieces of insulated copper wire with a diameter of 0.2-0.5 mm and a length of 10 cm.

The algorithm is the following:

1. Strip 2-3 cm of insulation from the ends of each of the wires.
2. Attach the exposed part of one wire to the paperclip.
3. Make two cuts in the lemon 2-3 cm apart - along the width of the paper clip and for the second wiring. Insert these elements into the fruit.
4. Attach the free ends of the wire to the contact part of the light bulb. If it does not catch fire, then the selected lemon is not powerful enough - connect several fruits in series with each other and repeat the experiment.

Potato battery

Stock up:

• two potatoes;
• three wires with clamps;
• two chrome nails;
• two copper nails.

So, how to make a battery from tubers:

1. Give the symbol for each of the potatoes - "A" and "B".
2. Insert a chrome-plated carnation into the edges of each of the tubers.
3. In the opposite edge - a copper nail. In the body of potatoes, nails should not intersect.
4. Take any device powered by a battery, remove it and leave the compartment open.
5. The first wire should connect the tuber's copper pin "A" to the positive pole in the battery compartment.
6. The second wire connects the chrome potato pin "B" to the negative pole.
7. The last wire connects the chrome nail of tuber "A" to the copper nail of tuber "B".
8. As soon as you close all the wires in this way, the potato will begin to power the device with energy.

Potatoes in this experiment can be replaced with a banana, avocado, or any of the citrus fruits.

Battery made of foil, cardboard and coins

Before you make a battery, prepare:

• copper coins;
• vinegar;
• salt;
• cardboard;
• foil;
• Scotch;
• two pieces of insulated copper wire.

Everything is ready? For business:

1. First you need to thoroughly clean the coins - for this, pour vinegar into a glass container, add salt there and add money.
2. As soon as the surfaces of the coins have changed and sparkled, remove them from the container, take one and circle its outline on cardboard 8-10 times.
3. Cut out cardboard circles along the contour. Then place them in a container of vinegar for a while.
4. Fold the foil several times so that you end up with 8-10 layers. Circle a coin on it and also cut out round details along the contour.
5. At this point, start assembling the battery. It is done like this: a copper coin, cardboard, foil. In this order, add up all the components you have in a column. The final layer should be only a coin.
6. Remove the insulation from the ends of the wires.
7. Cut off a small strip of adhesive tape, glue one end of the wire on it, put an impromptu battery on top, and the tip of the second wire on it. Fasten the structure securely with adhesive tape.
8. Connect the second ends of the wire to the "+" and "-" of the device to be energized.

Eternal battery

Prepare:

• glass jar;
• a silver element - for example a spoon;
• food film;
• copper wire;
• 1 teaspoon of baking soda;
• 4 vials of glycerin;
• 1 teaspoon 6% apple cider vinegar

1. Wrap the spoon tightly with cling film, leaving its top and bottom ends slightly bare.
2. Now it's time to wrap the spoon over the film with copper wire. Remember to leave long ends at the beginning and end for contacts. Make space between turns.
3. And again a layer of film, and behind it - wires in the same way. There should be at least seven layers of "film-wire" on this impromptu reel. Do not overtighten the layers - the film should wind freely.
4. IN glass jar prepare a solution of glycerin, salt and vinegar.
5. After the salt has dissolved, the coil can be immersed in the solution. As soon as the liquid becomes cloudy, the "eternal" battery will be ready for use. Its service life directly depends on the silver content in the base element of the coil.

Graphite rod: application

The graphite component from old batteries is not only the basis for a new energy source, but also an element that can be used for electric welding. This is done in a simple way:

1. Sharpen a graphite rod from an old battery at an angle of 30-40 degrees.
2. Use an alligator clip with a non-conductive handle to connect it to the "+" and "-" of an AC or DC power source.
3. Connect "0" and "-" to the cleaned part.
4. The electrode must be sharpened periodically as it burns out.

How to make a battery at home? You will need improvised materials, a little enthusiasm and perseverance. In exchange, you will receive alternative energy sources.

1. Salt water battery

Everything is simple - we fill up the ground, stick the electrodes, water, and at the ends of the electrodes you will see a voltage of the order of 0.5-1V. Of course, a little, but what's stopping you from making a battery of such elements? Enough to charge your cell phone. Pour, pour and go about your business!

A good option for a homemade element is air-aluminum.
To do this, you need to take an aluminum foil-cathode, soak a napkin with salt (or sea water), I also tried to take an acidic flux, as an anode-slide of coal powder, I took toner from cartridges laser printer. The voltage is 0.5-1.0V at a current of 10mA

2. Fruit and vegetable battery

To make a galvanic cell, we need: two electrodes, an oxidizing agent, a reducing agent and an electrolyte.

Let's take three plates: copper, iron and magnesium - they will serve as electrodes. To measure the voltage, we need a voltmeter, a digital (or analog) tester is quite suitable for these purposes. And as a "glass" with an electrolyte, we use a large and beautiful ... orange. The juice of fruits and vegetables contains dissolved electrolytes - salts and organic acids. Their concentration is not very high, but we are quite satisfied with it.

So, let's put an orange on the table and stick our three electrodes (copper, iron and magnesium) into it. Attach a wire to each of the electrodes (for this it is convenient to use "crocodiles"). Now attach the tester leads to the copper and iron electrodes. The device will show a voltage of about 0.4-0.5 V. Disconnect the contact from the iron electrode and connect it to the magnesium one. Between the copper and magnesium electrodes there will be a potential difference of about 1.4-1.5 V - approximately like a "finger" battery. And finally, the iron-magnesium galvanic cell will give a voltage of about 0.8-0.9 V. If you swap the contacts, the instrument readings will change sign ("+" to "-" or vice versa). In other words, current will flow through the voltmeter in the opposite direction.

Grapefruit, apple, lemon, onion, potato, and many other fruits and vegetables can be used instead of orange. It is curious that batteries from an orange, an apple, a grapefruit and an onion gave quite similar voltage values ​​- the difference did not exceed 0.1 V. In our case, iron or magnesium serves as a reducing agent, and hydrogen ions and oxygen (which are contained in the juice) serve as an oxidizing agent. Note that iron in a copper-iron galvanic cell is negatively charged, while in an iron-magnesium cell it is positively charged. If you do not have magnesium, the experiment can be carried out with two electrodes - copper and iron. Instead of iron, you can take zinc or a piece of galvanized tin. The zinc electrode should give a large potential difference with copper and a smaller one with magnesium.

In the case of citrus fruits, the experiment looks especially beautiful if you cut the fruit across, so that the "slices" are visible and insert electrodes into them (this is usually how a lemon is cut). If the fruit is cut lengthwise, it will not look as impressive.

These figures should not be taken as absolute. The voltage of our battery depends on the concentration of hydrogen ions (as well as other ions) in the juice of fruits and vegetables, the rate of oxygen diffusion, the condition of the electrode surface and other factors. The voltage of the battery you made may differ significantly from what was observed in this experiment. You can connect several fruit batteries in series - this will increase the voltage in proportion to the number of fruits taken.

3. Coffee battery (Nespresso battery)

In an attempt to show the world the importance of collecting and recycling valuable aluminum materials, Mischer "Traxler" designers from Vienna developed batteries from 700 used aluminum cans and coffee grounds to power quartz watches. The design was called the "Nespresso Battery", the installation is made from old aluminum cans, coffee grounds , strips of copper and salt water.

We put a copper plate (textolite, coin, thick wire) and aluminum cutting (from beer cans) into the glass. So that copper and aluminum do not come into contact, we put a separator between them from any dielectric (plastic from a bottle, coffee grounds), while it should not interfere with the free flow of water. We connect wires to the plates, one to copper and one to aluminum. Now take water and add a few tablespoons of salt there, mix them until the salt is completely dissolved. Pour this solution into a glass. All batteries are done.

The coffee grounds here are purely for the entourage, and so that you can give a beautiful name. And since its function can be used to separate the conductors, you can completely abandon the coffee grounds.

4. Baghdad battery (Parthian battery)

A small Parthian vessel was found in Khuzhut Rabu, in the vicinity of modern Baghdad (now Iraq), which was once part of the western territories of Greater Iran. In June 1936, a new railway- and the workers discovered an ancient burial. During subsequent excavations, it turned out that it belongs to the Parthian period (c. 250 BC - 250 AD).

One of the finds was an earthenware vessel with an asphalt “cork”. An iron rod passed through the "cork". Inside the vessel, the rod was lowered into a copper cylinder.

This vessel was first described by the German archaeologist Wilhelm Koenig in 1938 - he considered it very similar to an electric battery, and published an article on this topic in 1940.

By a similar principle, you can collect your battery. We take a "vessel" that can be made from: clay, plasticine, a bottle, a can, a glass, insert a copper plate twisted into a cylinder into it, insert a nickel-plated nail into this cylinder. This plate and nail are electrodes, they should peek out of the jar a little. To fix them in the body of the "vessel", you can use: epoxy glue, plasticine, putty for windows, etc.

Now we need to make an electrolyte. It can be alkaline or acidic. For alkali, you need to make a concentrated solution of: water + salt or water + soda. For acid, dilute acetic, oxalic acid in water or citrus juice can be used.

Pour the electrolyte into the jar and carefully seal the "vessel". Everything Baghdad battery is ready.

When filling such a model with electrolyte, it can give voltage. In general, depending on the type of electrolyte, the voltage given by the "battery" varies from 0.5 to 2 volts.

Unfortunately, due to the destruction of many Iranian literary sources and libraries during enemy invasions of Iranian territory over the centuries, there are no written records of what exactly such vessels served. Everything we know about them today is just speculation.

5. Solar battery

Having read about self-made solar cells in the boundless expanses of the Internet, I decided to conduct my "experiments" in this area. I will tell you about myself easy way making solar panels with your own hands.

To begin with, I decided to decide on the element base. For the solar cell we need P-N junctions. They are found in diodes and transistors. It was decided to choose silicon transistors KT801. They were produced in a metal case and therefore they can be opened without damaging the crystal. It is enough to press the pliers on the cover and it will break off.

Now let's look at the parameters. In average daylight, each of our transistors produces 0.53V (Base is plus, and Collector and Emitter are minuses). And then there is one point. The 1972 transistors have a large white crystal, and they put out about 1.1mA. Transistors from 1973 to 1980 outputs have a large crystal with a green coating, and give out about 0.9mA. Transistors produced later have small crystals and deliver only 0.13mA.

For the experiment, I used a battery of two parallel chains of 4 transistors. Under load, it gave out about 1.8V, 2-2.5mA. These are rather modest parameters, but as they say "for free". You can feed such a battery with Chinese Wrist Watch, or charge the battery and power the LED, bug, etc.

For ease of mounting and measurements, you can fix the transistors on the printed circuit board as in the figure below. My device is surface mounted as it speeds up assembly.

6. Coin-energy battery

It seems that the design is standard, zinc-copper contacts and salted water, but the design of the battery itself is interesting here.

We will need:

ice tray
- copper/copper alloy coins
- nickel/aluminum bronze/zinc coins
- paperclips
- salt
- water
- LED (for testing)

To get a battery, you need to connect the coins to the electrodes and fill them with electrolyte. In each cell of the tray, it is necessary to place two coins from different alloys, for example, copper and nickel. Next, we connect all the cells in series with a paper clip. Pressing a copper coin to one side of the wall, and fixing a nickel coin on the other with a paper clip. After that, electrolyte must be poured into each tray: salt + water. Pay attention to the ends of the tray, since the cells go in two rows, on the one hand we need to connect them, and on the other, they must remain without connection.

Now we check the performance of the battery using a diode or a multimeter, for this we close two unconnected cells with it.

One cell produces electricity with a voltage of 0.5 V, and those connected to one battery produce 2 V and 110 mA. Therefore, one electrolyte is desirable for all cells, and not heterogeneous.

Peculiarities:

1. The cell must be completely filled with electrolyte, but the contact must be only with a coin, not a paper clip.
2. One of the pairs of cells should not be closed to each other.
3. Zinc coins are used as positive electrodes, while copper coins are used as negative ones.
4. Coins must be from different metals/alloys (copper and nickel), it is also desirable that there are no identical impurities in the alloys.

7. Homemade battery

Now we will make a fairly simple device, or rather a power source - a home-made voltage accumulator. As you know, two different metals immersed in an electrolyte solution are capable of accumulating an electric current in themselves. It was decided to use copper and aluminum foil as electrodes (in my opinion they are the most affordable).

In addition to the foil, we still need - a sheet of paper, transparent tape and the vessel itself, in which we will place the battery jar (it is very convenient to use a glass vessel from naphthyzinum or valerian tablets).

We look at the photos.

The foils are almost the same size, only the aluminum foil is a little longer, there is no reason for this, it’s just easier to apply solder to copper foil than to aluminum foil and the wire is not soldered to the foil, just rolled into it and then clamped with pliers.

Then both foils were wrapped in a sheet of paper. It is not permissible for metals to touch each other; a sheet of paper serves as a fence between them. Then the foils must be taken together and wrapped in a circle and wrapped with thread or transparent tape.

Then the manufactured package must be placed in a vessel. After that, we take 50 ml of water and dilute 10 - 20 grams of salt into it. Mix the solution well and heat until all the salt is melted.

After melting the salt, pour the solution into a vessel, where we have a ready-made blank for our home-made battery. After pouring, we wait a few minutes and measure the voltage on the battery wires.

I forgot to clarify the polarity of the battery, copper foil - plus power, aluminum, respectively, minus. Measurements will show a voltage of the order of 0.5-0.7 volts. But the initial tension means nothing. We need to charge our battery. You can charge from any DC source with a voltage of 2.5-3 volts, charging lasts half an hour. After charging, we again measure the voltage, it has increased to 1.3 volts and can reach up to 1.45 volts. The maximum current of such a homemade battery can reach up to 350 milliamps.

You can make several of these batteries and use them as a backup power source for, say, an LED panel or a flashlight. To increase the power of the battery, you can use large foil, but of course, such a self-made battery will not hold a charge for very long (the charge will run out within one week), another minus is a short service life (no more than 3 months), since oxide a is formed on copper during the charge-discharge process, aluminum foil begins to corrode and gradually breaks into small pieces, but I think it’s worth trying to assemble such a simple battery for experiments.

8. DC coupler adapter

Having a little free time and desire, it is easy to assemble an adapter adapter from improvised materials to power various gadgets from an external power source. What I liked about this article is the simplicity of such an adapter. I will describe in more detail the manufacturing technology. I think it will be useful to someone else, especially since there is absolutely nothing complicated here.

I didn't even go anywhere for material. Just on the table lay an old MTS card. No wonder he paid a hundred rubles. I measured it, it is exactly suitable for making a model of one battery for a fotik.

There are very few scraps left.

The cardboard, which is what you need, is hard, the thickness is somewhere around 0.25 mm. Marked and cut at the seams. The cardboard did not cut through, but about a little more than half the thickness, so that it was easier to bend and glue. For contacts, I riveted copper wire 1.5 square millimeter. It turned out something like this.

This is what the contacts look like from the inside:

I soldered the wires and glued all the seams twice with PVA glue "Moment STOLYAR". The seams are thin, so I had to smear the tip of the toothpick patiently, drop by drop ... Although, if someone is impatient, you can glue it with tape.

We connect to the "vampire" and work:

So far, only one inconvenience has been found - the wire. Fat, reaching for the camera and the "vampire". Therefore, I decided to attach the same battery to the camera as in the "vampire", only with protection. By the way, it is not necessary to install batteries with protection here, because. the camera already has a built-in charge level meter and when the battery is discharged, it simply will not turn on.

And don't forget to observe the polarity!

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A battery is an energy storage device that usually works on the principle of reversibility of a chemical reaction. The simplest battery is arranged simply, for the first time his idea was tested in practice by Ritter in 1803, it was a column of 50 copper plates laid with a damp dense cloth.

How to make a battery with your own hands? Collect from copper plates? There are more simple methods creating an energy storage device from improvised means. You can make both an acid homemade battery and an alkaline type device.

Acid and lead

The most simple in the device is a lead-acid design for the accumulation of electricity. To build it you need:

• stable container, with the possibility of its tight closure with a lid;
• electrolyte - a solution of battery acid and distilled water;
• lead plate - you can use a flattened piece of lead from cable insulation or purchased at a hunting or fishing store;
• two metal pins - electrodes that must be driven vertically into lead plates.

Next, we present the manufacturing process of this device. Lead plates are put on metal pins, with a small distance between them. After that, the structure is immersed in a container filled with electrolyte. Lead must be completely under the solution. The contact ends of the pins are passed through the lid of the container and securely fixed on it. An electrical consumer can be connected to the ends of the electrodes. The container is installed on a stable surface, after which the device is charged. By complicating the design, rolling the lead plates into a roll and, accordingly, increasing their area, with a small volume, good performance of such a device can be achieved. According to the same principle, rolls are made in modern gel energy storage devices.

Important! When working with homemade electric drives, follow the safety rules: the acid used in the electrolyte is a rather aggressive substance.

Salt, coal and graphite

This device does not need an acid, as an alkaline reaction is used. How to make this type of battery? The basis of this type of energy storage device is a container with an electrolyte in the form of a solution of water and sodium chloride - table salt. To create it, you need:

• graphite rods, with a metal cap for soldering the contact;
• activated or charcoal, crushed into crumbs;
• fabric bags for placing coal powder;
• container for electrolyte with a tight lid for fixing the ends of the electrode.

A graphite rod in a dense carbon lining serves as electrodes. Graphite can be used from worn-out batteries, and charcoal or activated charcoal from gas mask filters. To create a tight lining, coal can be placed in a permeable bag, after which a graphite rod is inserted inside, and the fabric of the bag is wrapped with a thread or wire with an insulating coating.

To increase the performance of this kind of design, you can create a battery of several electrodes placed in one container.

Important! Storage capacity and voltage on the contacts homemade devices for the accumulation of electricity are relatively small, but at the same time they are quite enough to connect a low-power light source or other purposes. A battery of several electrodes has higher performance, but they are more bulky.

Lemons and oranges as a container for electricity

Lemon is not only tasty and useful fruit but also a natural accumulator. To use it, it is enough to combine several lemons in a serial circuit, using metal electrodes. After that, you can connect the "fruit" drive to the charger. Instead of lemons, you can use other citrus fruits that contain acid, which will serve as a natural electrolyte. The more citrus fruits are involved, the higher the parameters of the "natural" battery.

Lemon juice, acid or its solution can be used separately. To do this, just pour them into a small jar and install a copper and steel electrode. The voltage of the natural energy storage device is small, but, nevertheless, it will be enough for a low-power lighting source.

Even in the absence of a factory-made energy storage device, you can easily make a battery with your own hands. To create it, you only need knowledge of the basics of physics and chemistry, as well as the presence of an acid or alkali of any type at hand. Almost any metal that is available can be used as electrodes, but the best option- this is the use of steels with a high content of iron, as well as copper and its alloys.

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