Subject and object of research. Science project on the theme of "beer" Research program on the theme of beer

XXXIREGIONAL STUDENT RESEARCH COMPETITION

MUNICIPAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

YUGO - KAMA SECONDARY EDUCATIONAL SCHOOL

Environmental quality and human health

Direction

It's not beer that kills people?

(The effect of beer on the human body)

Dreval Valentina

Karacheva Ekaterina

MOU "South-Kama middle comprehensive school", Grade 11

Supervisor -

Newly Baptized Tamara Gennadievna,

MOU "South-Kama middle

comprehensive school"

biology teacher of the highest category.

settlement Yugo-Kamsky

2012

Table of contents

Introduction ______________________________________________________________________

Chapter 2. Practical part.

Research #1. Poll "My attitude to beer" __________________

Study #2. "Statistical data on the number

sold beer in the village. Yugo-Kamsky. _____________

Study #3"Determining presence in beer

picric acid". _____________________________

Study #4. "Research on the effect of beer on proteins"._______________

Conclusion_______________________________________________________

Information sources._______________________________________

Applications.____________________________________________________________

Introduction.

We have entered the third millennium… By the way, have you ever wondered how you can characterize the present time? It may be as it is said in one modern fable?

"We heard

We live in the Age of Beer.

A waterfall spilled down on us.”

“The era of beer” is a fairly accurate characterization, especially if we keep in mind the stormy passion for this drink that has suddenly awakened in many citizens. We are all witnesses of how not only strong men's hands, but also women's hands, as well as children's hands reached for the "life-giving moisture". Today, not a single youth get-together does not pass without drinking alcoholic beverages, among which beer is in the lead.

Why is beer so popular? First of all, beer is considered a harmless, and sometimes even useful low-alcohol product, among the main alcoholic products it is distinguished by a relatively low price. Another reason for the massive spread of beer consumption among children, adolescents, and youth is considered by most scientists around the world to be massive offensive advertising. Beer propaganda can be found in feature films, various TV shows, and in the press. Also, the popularity of beer is determined by the flow of information in various sources about its benefits.

Beer is the third most popular drink in the world (after water and tea) and the most popular alcoholic drink in the world.

Everyone knows the picture: young people are walking down the street, talking, and at the same time drinking beer, and today this is already considered quite a decent and natural norm.

Today, the exorbitant and ever-increasing passion for beer among the population, especially young people, is causing growing concern. Unfortunately, our friends, classmates, also drink beer.

Hypothesis: Drinking beer is harmful to human health.

Target: find out the effect of beer on the human body.

Tasks:

Conduct a sociological survey among high school students "My attitude to beer".

Study the literature on this topic.

Conduct a study of beer consumption in our village.

Conduct a beer test for the content of harmful substances.

Present the results of the study.

Introduce the results of the study to high school students.

The relevance of the work : the work reveals the essence of the harm brought by the use of beer on human health. Having studied the effect of beer on the human body, we will be able to draw conclusions for ourselves and draw the attention of our friends - classmates to this problem.

Practical significance lies in the fact that the study can be used by class teachers when conducting class hours can be adopted by students and their parents.

Research methods: sociological survey, statistical analysis, laboratory experience, observation, comparison.

Expected Result:

This study is both theoretical and applied, because, after reading the results of our study, students will be critical of excessive beer consumption and take better care of their health, and may use beer in the household for other purposes.

Chapter 1. Analysis of theoretical knowledge about an alcoholic drink.

1.1.From the history of brewing

Beer was discovered in ancient Mesopotamia. Ancient bakers discovered that when warm, wet bread grain swells, begins to ferment, and produces an intoxicating potion. The famous ancient Greek scientist and historian Herodotus called beer barley wine. The Thracians from the Adriatic to the Black Sea drank light beer every day. They believed that beer not only quenches thirst, but also, to put it modern language, increases the overall tone of the body, and also contributes to a more correct metabolism.

After the Mesopotamian triumph came the time of oblivion. The Greeks and Romans not only did not drink the Mesopotamian drink, they openly despised it. Aristotle, for example, said that beer makes the head dull.

But later, beer conquered the market, became a truly "folk drink".

In England in the 4th century AD. already produced 19 varieties of beer, and instead of hops, honey, cinnamon, and heather were used as flavoring additives. The center of brewing in the Middle Ages was Flanders.

Success came to beer in the middle of the century, when the merchants of Hamburg, Wismar, Berman brought it to their homeland, Holland. While, drinking water in those cities was dirty, and beer became almost the only drink that excluded gastro-intestinal troubles. Adult men consumed 400 liters per year. In Holland, no contract signed after 3 pm was legally binding. By this time, the minds of the Dutch were thoroughly clouded by the drink.

In the 9th-12th centuries, brewing was already widespread in the territory Kievan Rus, and then in the Novgorod lands in Siberia. Moreover, from the found documents of that time it is known that beer was brewed from barley malt and hops, which are used to this day. During the time of Ivan the Terrible, the recipe for its preparation was brought to the sovereign by Yermak. The beer business reached its peak under Peter the Great.

At first it was brewed for home consumption, then as commodity production developed, beer became a subject of exchange and trade.

1.2. Basic components for making beer.

Beer is one of the oldest and most difficult drinks to make. To create the final product, brewers use the most modern technologies and very expensive equipment. But, as before, 4 components are integral components for making beer - water, malt, yeast and hops.

Water

Water-soluble salts make the difference between "good" and "bad" water. Solutions of different salts give water different character, which in turn affects beer. Some beers are best brewed with "hard water" (Munich), in while for others "soft water" (Pilsen) is more suitable. The difference between these two types of water depends primarily on the concentration of Ca ++ ions and carbonates in it. With the help of modern technologies, it is possible to regulate the concentration of various salts in water.

Malt

The transformation of grain into malt is carried out in the course of a number of biochemical processes.

The endosperm of the grain contains a large supply of starch. The germinated plant receives its first nourishment from starch. But this is possible only after a period of rest. During this period, the contents of the seed are protected, among other things, by the fact that the nutrients are chemically strongly bound and the environment does not contain moisture. Those proteins (enzymes) that should enter the structure of the future plant and participate in cleavage reactions are deactivated. Sugar, the most important source of energy, is present in the form of starch.

Since beer is brewed from barley, it is first necessary to “turn on” the process that normally occurs in the spring, when the grains begin to germinate. This controlled process is called malting.

Hop

People have been drinking beer for centuries. different types, brewed from barley before adding hops (Humulus lupulus).

Hops give beer its inherent bitter taste and are largely responsible for its aroma. The chemical composition of hops is unique, so it cannot be replaced by other additives without compromising the quality of the beer. There are more than 200 flavors in hops. Different varieties Hops give the beer aroma or bitterness of varying intensity.

Hops also contribute to foaming. In addition, when adding hops, the foam is denser and more stable.

Hop is a lianos, a climbing plant, reaching a length of 5-8 m. It is perennial, although its aerial part dies off every year. There are male and female plants. In brewing, only female hop cones are used.

The main hop growing areas are Bavaria in Southern Germany, Bohemia in the Czech Republic, Kent and Surrey in the UK, as well as the states of Oregon, Washington, Idaho and others in the USA.

Yeast

The yeast used in brewing belongs to the fungus family

Saccharomycetaceae. Brewer's yeast is rare in nature and very different from the ennobled yeast that is used to make beer. Centuries of selective selection were needed for people to develop suitable strains for this purpose.

Two are used in the production of beer. different types yeast, depending on what fermentation technique and what kind of beer is preferred. These two species are top-fermenting yeast (Saccharomycetaceae cerevisiae)

bottom fermenting yeast (Saccharomycetaceae carlsbergensis)

1.3. Technology of making beer.

Modern technologies for the industrial production of beer include three main stages.

First step- preparation of malt. To do this, use special varieties of barley or other cereals. They are cleaned, sorted, disinfected and placed in a humid environment where the grains germinate and accumulate starch, enzymes, vitamins and other substances. Then the sprouted grains are dried, cleaned of sprouts and left to rest for a month.

Second phase- preparation of wort. Crushed grains of malt are poured with water. In this mass, called mash, at a certain temperature, the process of splitting starch into simple sugars takes place. It proceeds especially intensively after adding hops and boiling the mass, which is called the wort.

At the third stage the wort is filtered, cooled and special beer yeast is added to it. After a short period of rapid fermentation, the beer mass is fermented at a low temperature for several weeks or months. And finally, the finished beer is filtered and bottled, canned or barreled.

Not a single media outlet reports that in terms of harm to the body, beer can be compared with moonshine, since in the process of alcoholic fermentation and in beer, as well as in moonshine, fermentation by-products associated with alcohol are preserved in full. This aldehydes, fusel oils, methanol, isopropyl alcohol, ethers, nitrazamines, and other no less poisonous compounds, the content of which in beer is tens and hundreds of times higher than the level of their permissible concentration in vodka obtained from the highest purity alcohol. Among them - and psychotropic substances which are classified as illegal drugs.

The main components of beer. Beer is a natural alcoholic drink that contains a large amount of compounds formed during the fermentation process and supplied to it from plant materials. The main components of beer are water (91-93%), carbohydrates (1.5-4.5%), ethyl alcohol (3.5-4.5%) and nitrogenous substances (0.2-0.65%). Other components are designated as minor.

beer carbs(about 26 g/l) 75-85% consist of dextrins. Simple sugars (glucose, sucrose, fructose) account for 10-15% of the total amount of carbohydrates. And only 2-8% of carbohydrates are represented by other, complex sugars (polysaccharides, pectin fragments, etc.).

Ethyl alcohol (about 30 g/l), along with carbohydrates, it is the main component that provides the calorie content of this drink, which is about 400-450 kcal / l. For comparison: the calorie content of milk, Coca-Cola or fruit juices ranges from 600-700 kcal / l. Given this, one cannot agree with the prevailing notion that moderate beer consumption contributes to weight gain and can even lead to obesity. At the same time, beer has the ability to stimulate the appetite and promote excessive food intake.

Nitrogen-containing substances beer are represented mainly by polypeptides and amino acids. Most of them enter the drink from the malt. Only 20-30% of amino acids are the waste products of yeast. All essential amino acids are present in beer. However, their the nutritional value due to the small amount is negligible.

Minor compounds of beer. Minor or minor components of beer are classified as follows: mineral compounds, vitamins, organic acids, phenolic compounds, bitter substances, aromatic compounds, biogenic amines and estrogens.

Mineral compounds enter the drink from malt, other raw materials and water. Biologically significant amounts of beer contain ions of potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sulfur and chlorine. Beer is different alcoholic beverages and, in particular, from wines high in potassium (160 - 450 mg/l). Beer, consumed in the amount of 1 liter per day, is able to provide approximately 30% of the daily requirement for this element. At the same time, beer is relatively low in sodium (about 120 mg/l). This circumstance is used by some doctors who recommend patients suffering from hypertension and in need of sodium restriction to drink beer in moderation - 0.5-1.0 liters per day.

According to the content of calcium (about 80 mg/l), magnesium (about 80 mg/l), phosphorus (about 140 mg/l), as well as iron, copper, zinc and others, the content of which does not exceed 1 mg/l, beer is almost no different from orange juice. The presence of cobalt in beer, which is used as a beer foam stabilizer, has a devastating effect.

vitamins enter beer mainly from malt, rich in B vitamins. Therefore, beer, unlike natural wine, contains a fairly large amount of vit. B1, or thiamine (0.005-0.15 mg / l) and vit. B2, or riboflavin (0.3-1.3 mg / l). Drinking beer in the amount of 1 liter per day can provide 40-60% of the daily requirement for these vitamins. Beer is also rich in other vitamins. The content of vit. C or ascorbic acid is 20-50 mg / l. Ascorbic acid is often added to beer during the production process to prevent spontaneous oxidation of other components. 1 liter of beer provides approximately 70% of the daily requirement for this vitamin. There are relatively few vit. B6 or pyridoxine (0.4-1.7 mg / l), pantothenic acid (0.4-1.7 mg / l) and biotin (about 5 mg / l).

Phenolic compounds. The content of polyphenols in beer is about 10 times lower than in natural grape wine and ranges from 150-300 mg/l. About 90% of the phenolic compounds in beer come from malt, and the rest from hops. The average content of polyphenols and their individual representatives is shown. Phenolic compounds of beer can be attributed to the most valuable biologically its components. It should also be noted that the consumption of beer and spirits is associated with an increased risk of developing malignant tumors in the lower urinary tract, which is also associated with a low content of polyphenols. At the same time, it has been established that phenolic compounds provide its bactericidal, bacteriostatic effect and facilitate the absorption of minerals and other food components.

Aromatic compounds of beer. The aroma and color of beer, in addition to bitter substances, is also determined by other compounds that enter the drink from hops and are part of hop oil. To date, more than 70 components related to this class of substances have been identified. Information about the ability of these substances to have a biological effect is not available.

Biogenic amines provoke the development of hypertension headache and can lead to kidney damage.

Beer is an alcoholic drink and you should not forget about it. Ethyl alcohol is able to modify or enhance the toxic effect of other components of beer. More than 3,000 chemicals have been found in it, of which more than 800 have been identified.

Beer contains a number of toxic substances, including heavy metal salts of cobalt, cadmium, lead, copper, mercury, zinc. The accumulation of heavy metals in the human body gradually leads to symptoms of chronic poisoning.

Among the toxic metals in beer cadmium and cobalt, as foam stabilizers, occupy a special place, as they have special biological properties and a mechanism of damaging action. It has been established that the salts of these metals affect the absorption and metabolism of a number of essential microelements, including iron, disrupt the transmission of signals in the nervous and endocrine cells of the regulatory systems of the body, inhibit the synthesis of hormones (male sex hormones, insulin), muffle conditioned reflexes, have a mutagenic effect, affect spermatogenesis, affect the kidneys and heart, inhibit digestive enzymes.

High content in beer ions K + ( 160 - 450 mg / l) and water (91-93%) dramatically increases the formation of urine and enhances the excretion of Na + and Cl ions by the kidneys - leads to demineralization of the body.

bitter substances come into beer from hops and give it a specific aftertaste. These substances are divided into low- and high-resinous. There are a lot of low-resinous substances in beer, they consist of α - acids (humulons), β - acids (lupulines) and a group of compounds that have not yet been characterized. The bitter substances of beer, along with other extractive substances of hops, belong to the category of psychoactive compounds. They have a sedative, hypnotic, and in large doses - a hallucinogenic effect.

Picric acid(trinitrophenol) C6H2 (NO 2) 3OH - this acid is added to beer to give it a specific bitter taste and color. Causes kidney damage, skin diseases.

Beer contains monoamines, which are formed as a result of the fermentation of hops. Were found: histamine, tyramine, cadaveric poison - cadaverine. The concentration of these substances in beer is 1-3 mg/l. Monoamines provoke the development of hypertension, cause headaches, and can lead to kidney damage.

Of course, the most dangerous of the consequences are changes in the brain. Scientific data have established that due to the increased concentration of alcohol in the cerebral cortex, erythrocytes can stick together, and conditions are created under which neurons die in large quantities., and nerve cells, as you know, are not restored.

The heart is especially affected. Prolonged drinking of beer leads to myocardial degeneration due to metabolic disorders. As a result, muscle tissue becomes flabby, muscle fibers are replaced by adipose tissue, which leads to a decrease in the contractility of the heart, it ceases to cope with the load, shortness of breath and weakness appear. The size of the heart increases by 1.5-2 times. As early as the end of the 19th century, doctors described a pathology associated with the consumption of beer by young and middle-aged men, which they called "alcoholic festive heart", "beer heart". Alcoholic cardiopathy is the modern name for this disease.

Distinct changes are also observed in the respiratory system. Vapors of alcohol and its decay product (acetaldehyde) negatively affect the lung tissue, the vital capacity of the lungs decreases, and inflammatory processes are noted.

Everyone from childhood has learned an elementary truth - to live, you must eat. Our nutrition is the basis of health and longevity. To this simple wisdom, one more thing needs to be added - a person must have healthy digestive organs. Alcohol irritates the mucous membrane of the digestive tract, increases the secretory function of the salivary and pancreas, increases the acidity of gastric juice. Large doses paralyze the cells that produce the digestive enzyme pepsin, food proteins coagulate and become sparingly soluble.

About 90% of alcohol is slowly oxidized mainly in the liver. Ethyl alcohol adversely affects the liver cells, which die under its influence. In their place, a connective tissue is formed, or a scar that does not perform a hepatic function. The liver gradually decreases in size, the liver vessels are compressed, the blood in them stagnates, the pressure rises 3-4 times. And if there is a rupture of these vessels, severe bleeding begins. These changes are called cirrhosis of the liver. Alcoholic liver damage - obesity and cirrhosis.

It has been established that any dose of alcohol, no matter how small, has an effect on the central nervous system. After taking one bottle of beer, the right hemisphere of the brain, which is responsible for making decisions, is oppressed. Consequences: the time for processing information increases, the biocurrents of the brain change significantly, nervous irritations, nervous fatigue, and inaccuracy in movements occur. With repeated alcohol intake, the damage to the higher centers of brain activity lasts from 8 to 20 days. Prolonged use of alcohol inevitably leads to the degradation of a person. His ability to creative thinking, synthesis, analysis.

People who believe that beer can be drunk by pregnant and lactating women are mistaken. Ethanol disrupts the correct divergence of chromosomes in meiosis, resulting in the formation of genetically defective gametes with an altered number of chromosomes. Down syndrome, Shershevsky-Turner, Klinefelter - this is not a complete list of pathologies that are possible with alcohol abuse.

And the kids are paying. With a diagnosis of fetal alcohol syndrome, children lag behind in physical and mental development.

1.6. The influence of beer on the body of men and women.

Beer contains phytoestrogens, which are analogues of female sex hormones and also get into the drink from hops. Their content is 1-36 mg/l. However, this amount is sufficient to provide a distinct hormonal effect on the human body.

In response to the intake of beer, the liver synthesizes a substance that suppresses the secretion of the male hormone, methyltestosterone. That is why in men who are excessively fond of beer, female hormones begin to dominate, causing changes appearance men: the amount of hair on the body and face decreases, muscle mass decreases, the mammary glands increase, the timbre of the voice changes, a “beer belly” appears and fat is deposited on the hips and waist. It turns out that a passionate lover of beer, according to biological characteristics, gradually turns into a woman. In medicine, this syndrome is called "feminization of male alcoholics." His voice changes, there are significant changes in the figure, character. On a psychological level, he loses interest in women, and on a physiological level, he becomes impotent.

In women, from drinking beer, and in general from drinking any other alcoholic beverage, the same reverse process occurs, which in medicine is referred to as "masculinization of alcoholic women." Alcohol generally directly damages the hormonal apparatus of a woman. The female hormone progesterone is immediately converted to the male hormone testosterone. When in female body a large amount of male hormones accumulate, her voice begins to change (get rougher), her character becomes rougher. Femininity, maternal instinct disappears, the figure changes significantly. Gradually, such a woman turns into a real man, i.e. becomes a masculine creature with all the traits of character and behavior characteristic of a man. If at the same time she also smokes, then these processes naturally accelerate.

1.7. What everyone needs to know…

Yes, indeed, beer is a low-alcohol drink, because. contains 4-6% alcohol.

But if you look in what quantities it is used, it turns out very simple arithmetic: it has been established that after drinking two mugs of beer, a person receives the same amount of alcohol as if he had drunk 100 g of vodka. Three "one and a half" beers (4.5 l), corresponds to half a bucket (try to drink that much tea or plain water), corresponds to a bottle and another 100g of vodka. As a rule, beer is drunk without snacking. What teenager can handle that much alcohol? Unlike vodka, beer acts gradually and poisoning does not occur immediately. This deceptive lightness of beer leads to a habit.
Well, now, it's time to talk about the most terrible and dangerous property of beer. From a botanical point of view, the closest relative of hops is hemp. Therefore, in hops, as well as in hemp, there are the same narcotic and psychoactive substances, only in small doses (small concentrations). They can even be crossed and get viable hybrids. In beer brewed from these hybrids, the concentration of narcotic substances is already much higher, and, accordingly, the effect and narcotic effect is much stronger. It must be emphasized that addiction to these narcotic substances, which, although in small doses, are still present in hops, occurs faster than addiction to alcohol. That's why beer alcoholism is formed very quickly and steadfastly. He more difficult to treat compared to ordinary alcoholism, and has more serious consequences. Beer is delayed drunkenness, the starting point of alcoholism. This is a bridge to the use of stronger drugs.

Beer is the most terrible and dangerous drink to date. It's a youth drug. A legalized drug that paves the way and is actually a springboard to stronger drugs.

1.8.Countries are champions in beer drinking.

The most beer countries in the world are:

Czech Republic - 75% (alcohol consumption in the form of beer)

UK - 65%

Germany - 60%

Belgium - 55%

New Zealand - 45%

Beer has been drunk here almost at all times (except, perhaps, New Zealand) and it can rightfully be considered a national drink in these countries. Meanwhile, drinking beer is becoming unfashionable in developed countries, because in a world immersed in modern technology, even a small amount of alcohol can lead to an elementary error on a computer, which will cost thousands of dollars. It is interesting to note that in Europe drinking of beer has become less, but production is still stable, and in Germany and Belgium it is even growing. Where does the excess beer go? Excess beer is poured into "underdeveloped countries", such as Russia. But few people suspect that in addition to this beer expansion of the West, more than 80% of all beer produced in Russia is also controlled by foreign capital.

Beer NEVSKOE–Denmark , OLD MILLER-Turkey , FAT-Belgium , BOCHKAREV-Iceland , GOLDEN BARREL-South Africa , MILLER-America , HOLSTEN-Germany , EFES-Turkey , BALTIKA-Scandinavia, it's not our domestic beer.

1.9. Beer in the household.

It turns out that beer in the household can be used in a worthy way:

Hair Styling

If your hair is dull, you can revive it with beer. Pour half a cup warm water and add 3 (three) tablespoons of beer. Rub the resulting solution into your hair after you wash your hair. regular shampoo and rinse. A few minutes after rubbing in (2-3 minutes is enough), rinse your head again. The result can be stunning.

Marinating tough meats in beer.

Do not waste money on special powders that give tenderness to meat. Before cooking the meat, fill it with beer, and leave to marinate for at least 1 hour, or even better, do it in the evening, leaving the meat to marinate overnight in the refrigerator.

Caring for gold jewelry

Soak a napkin with light beer (dark ale is not suitable for this purpose).

suitable) and wipe the products (without precious stones). Wipe dry. Glitter will return to gold things again.

Cleaning wooden furniture beer.

Any expired or outdated beer left? Use it to clean wood furniture. Wipe it with a cloth soaked in beer, and then wipe dry and polish.

beer trap for pests

Snails and slugs, which are soda pests, just like some people can't resist a sip of beer. Bury any container in the ground (for example: a juice bag cut into 2 parts) and pour beer into it. After a couple of days, you will see trapped pests there.

Beer for removing tea and coffee stains from carpets.

At first glance, this procedure seems impossible. However, this is possible: pour a little beer on the stain and rub it lightly, after these manipulations the stain should disappear, if this did not happen the first time, you will have to repeat the procedure, several such repetitions may be required.

Beer in cosmetics.

Unfiltered beer helps to rejuvenate the skin of the face and hair. Beer masks, rinses and even beer steam help to make your skin healthy and give your hair a silky shine.

To remove oily sheen, you can make a mask of beer, honey and eggs. "Beer extract" is used in the cosmetic industry.

Beer for healing.

Furunculosis is treated with beer. Beer - even treats a cold, the composition of this "brew" includes hot beer, honey, you can add cloves.

As you can see, it's simply irreplaceable!

Chapter 2. Practical part.

Research #1. Poll "My attitude to beer"

To determine the attitude of schoolchildren to beer, a sociological survey was conducted among grades 9-11, 96 students participated in the survey.

The results of the sociological survey are presented in Annex No. 1.

From the survey, we saw that:

Out of 96 people - they tried beer - 72, which means, which means that 24 people. didn't try the beer. It seems to us that this is not entirely accurate, since it is possible that some guys were just being cunning. Z5 pers. they try beer on holidays, and 34 when they want. 3 people - when they are offered. Most of the guys tried beer for the first time out of interest - 41 people, 29 people. - to set the mood. The most popular brand of beer among young people is Klinskoye. Most students know that beer is harmful to health - 53 people, a fairly large number of people (32 people) say that beer is both beneficial and harmful. 7 people. - know nothing about it and 4 pers. convinced that beer is beneficial.

Output: Most of the students used and continue to use beer, they know that it is harmful. Paradox: they know what is harmful, but they drink! We assume that the guys know little about how, which organs are especially affected by drinking beer and what diseases can occur due to drinking beer.

Research #2.

“Statistical data on the amount of beer sold in the village. Yugo-Kamsky.

In Russia, an average of 60 liters of beer per person per year.

We asked ourselves: how much beer is on average for 1 person. in our village?

Investigated shops selling beer - 17

On average, 1 store sells 1235 liters of beer per month.

In the village Yugo-Kamsky is home to 7 thousand inhabitants.

On average per month per 1 inhabitant - 3 liters

On average, 36 liters of beer per person per year.

Output : Compared to the average amount of beer drunk in the country, in Yugo-Kamsk per 1 person. less beer is consumed, but if we take into account that this number includes infants, and the elderly, and younger schoolchildren and people who rarely drink beer, it turns out that, in fact, people drink much more beer.

Study #3

"Determining the presence of picric acid in beer"

The effect of picric acid on human health has been described above. Recall that this is a highly toxic substance that causes tumor diseases, affects the kidneys and skin. Added to beer to give beer bitterness and color.

Those types of beer were studied, which, as we found out as a result of the survey, are the most popular among our youth: Klinskoye, Bud, Greenbeer, Tuborg.

Practical work

Target: Determine the presence of picric acid in beer.

Equipment and reagents: conical flasks, glass rods, a solution of acetic acid, a piece of white woolen cloth (yarn), an electric stove.

Holding practical work

POLL CHARACTERISTICS
The beer survey was conducted from February 24 to March 2, 1997. At home, 510 respondents were interviewed by random sample. The questionnaire contained questions:

FREQUENCY OF BEER CONSUMPTION DURING WARM AND COLD SEASONS
As the survey showed, the Moscow beer market is made up of 40% of adult (16 years and older) citizens, or approximately 2.9 million people. This means that two out of every five Muscovites drink this drink at least several times during the warm season.
How often do you drink beer in the warm season?

Surprisingly, but in the cold season, this figure decreases slightly - from only 40% to 36%. In other words, beer drinkers in the summer usually indulge in this drink in the winter as well. What is changing? The frequency of consumption of this drink.
How often do you drink beer during the cold season?

A joint analysis of the answers to these two questions showed that 41% of consumers drink beer more often in summer than in winter. However, as can be seen from the table below, there is still no sharp drop in frequency: in winter, people most often tend to either not change their summer habits at all, or, if they do retreat, then just "one step"

	Percentage of those who drink beer during the cold season (% of ever beer drinkers, 100% according to the table)
Drinking beer in the warm season:	almost every day, every day	few times a week	several (4-5) times a month	several times per season	I don't drink beer at all	find it difficult to answer
almost every day, every day	4%	6%	3%	1%
few times a week	1%	14%	10%	2%	1%
several (4-5) times a month		1%	17%	12%	2%	1%
several times per season			1%	18%	5%	1%

HOW TO INTERPRET RESPONDENTS' ANSWERS
Further, several assumptions were made about how to interpret the answers of the respondents. For example, that people who drink beer every or almost every day do so on average 5 times a week, and those who choose the answer "several times a season" - 5 times in six months. Then, judging by the calculations, in the warm season the average representative of the market drinks beer every 3-4 days, and in winter - every 5 days.

Of course, those who drink beer at least several times a week are of the greatest interest to market participants. In the warm season, this figure is 43%, in the cold season - 26% of the number of beer drinkers. These consumers are especially important for producers and suppliers of domestic beer of medium and low quality, that is, usually unpasteurized beer with a short shelf life.

Higher-quality imported varieties in the warm season, as a rule, lose their sales market due to their high price. An example is the spring-summer situation of 1996, when suppliers of expensive imported varieties Corona, Miller, Heineken and others had to suspend deliveries until August. (The presence of such an effect is also confirmed by the data of our study: among respondents with a high seasonality of beer consumption, cheap "Zhigulevskoe" And "Klinskoe", as well as relatively inexpensive imported beer Bavaria .)

The beer market turned out to be quite prepared for the change in consumer preferences. Many previously unknown cheap varieties appeared on it, which as a result successfully found their "place in the sun". The experience of the past warm season also showed that in order to achieve a sufficiently high level of summer sales of a new variety, it is necessary to start bringing it to the market as early as January in order to have time to demonstrate the acceptable quality of the product, its safety and profitability of working with it, and on this basis to develop a network of distributors .

"HEAVY", "MEDIUM" AND "LIGHT" BEER CONSUMERS
What distinguishes Muscovites who drink beer at least from time to time? First of all, two-thirds of them (65%), and not less than half, as among all respondents, are men. In terms of age, they are distinguished by a reduced (12%, and not 25%, as among all respondents) proportion of people over the age of 60 inclusive. Representatives of the beer market have no specifics in terms of occupation, with the exception, of course, of a reduced share of pensioners. Thus, the survey did not reveal any particular contrasts here. This is natural, since beer is a "democratic" product.

The situation begins to change as soon as we turn to the analysis of special categories of beer consumers. First of all, let's break down all consumers by the volume of beer they drink per year.

To single out this category of people, along with questions about the typical frequency of beer consumption, the respondents were asked about the size of a single serving. The answers of the representatives of the beer market were distributed as follows:
Approximately how many beers do you usually drink at one time?

Assuming that respondents in each of these three categories drink 0.3 respectively; 0.7 and 1.2 liters of beer at a time, as well as comparing these data with the previously accepted assumptions about the frequency with which the respondents drink beer, we obtained for each respondent an estimate (in liters) of beer consumed by him during the year. On the scale of this indicator, three market segments were identified:

As we can see, the main share of beer is drunk by its "heavy consumers".
Consider their features.

SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF "HEAVY CONSUMERS"
Firstly, among the "heavy" ones, already five out of every six (and not two out of every three, as in the beer market as a whole) are men. At the same time, the proportion of men aged 40 and older turned out to be even lower than among all beer consumers. Thus, "heavy consumers" are, as a rule, young men, and the share of 20-29-year-olds is especially high here (27% against 17% in the beer market). It is noteworthy that 16-19-year-olds were found among the "heavy consumers" of beer even a little less often than among all its consumers (6% and 4%).

An analysis of the distribution of respondents by income per family member per month leads to interesting reflections.

We see that in the composition of "heavy consumers" the shares of two income categories have noticeably increased: those with average ($81-100) and low (less than $51) average per capita incomes. (There are also slightly more high-income people here, but this difference is statistically insignificant.) Among "heavy consumers" the shares of state sector employees, on the one hand, and workers, on the other, are higher than in the beer market.

BUYING FEATURES OF "HEAVY CONSUMERS"
More than three-quarters of them (77%), and not about two-thirds (63%), as in the beer market, kiosks and stalls were named among the two most typical places for buying beer, wholesalers were also mentioned more often than usual (41% vs. 35%). markets.

The share of those who limit themselves to low-strength beers is higher here than among the representatives of the market as a whole (24% against 18% in the market). More often than in the market, here you can meet the consumer of relatively expensive domestic (43% versus 28%) and expensive imported (78% versus 57%) beers.

To measure the sensitivity of respondents to price, the following question was asked:
Which of the two statements suits you better:

"I most often choose my favorite beer, no matter how much it costs"

or
"I tend to go for decent, relatively inexpensive beers."

The opinions of the responding representatives of the beer market were divided almost equally: 40% chose the first statement, 41% - the second, the remaining 19% found it difficult to answer. "Heavy consumers" are distinguished by a much greater certainty of opinion: only 12% found it difficult to give an answer, and the scales slightly tipped in favor of their favorite beer: the first answer was chosen by 45% of respondents, the second - by 43%.

A more definitive result was given by the "innovation test": unfortunately for firms that introduce new types of beer to the market, in the overwhelming majority of cases, "heavy consumers" are not "innovators" when choosing beer types.

At the same time, one should not absolutize the revealed commitment of "heavy consumers" to their favorite varieties.

As you can see, in this case, not half, as in the market, but more than two-thirds agree to change, if necessary, to their favorite variety. This indicates that working with a network of distributors for beer suppliers is of paramount importance. In other words, the "push" strategy here has clear advantages over the "pull" strategy.

"HEAVY CONSUMERS" AND MEDIA
We will not go into detail on which media make it possible to reach the representatives of the group of "heavy consumers" with the greatest success. We only note that the specificity of their television viewing is expressed, it seems, in a certain shift towards late night broadcasts. In radio preferences, they are distinguished by the increased ratings of the Europa Plus station (19% versus 14% on weekdays and 15% versus 9% on weekends), as well as an increased addiction to radio games with prize draws (21% versus 14%).

WHAT IS OUTSIDE THE ARTICLE
We have considered only some aspects of the study conducted by the Public Opinion Foundation, concerning the work in the beer market in general and in the segment of "heavy consumers", in particular. The narrow scope of the article does not allow discussing the issues of finer segmentation of the market: in relation to consumers to domestic and imported varieties, according to the degree of their commitment to their favorite varieties, according to the preferred color of beer, according to its preferred strength, according to the sensitivity of buyers to price, according to the socio-demographic characteristics of lovers this drink. It is precisely in fine segmentation, however, that today one should look for the key to success in such a highly competitive market as the beer market.

In modern Russia, the problem of the so-called children's and youth "beer alcoholism" has sharply declared itself and has become the most acute problem. Today, the problem of "beer alcoholism" is one of the first places, often ahead of drug addiction and substance abuse.

Currently, Russia has become one of the countries whose population occupies leading positions in beer consumption.

Currently, the average age at which beer consumption starts is 12-13 years old. A few years ago it was 16-18 years old. Unfortunately, the consumption of beer by minors has been steadily increasing in recent years. According to the Center for Sociological Research, more than 70% of people aged 11-24 consume beer. At the same time, girls do not lag behind boys.

The widespread practice of drinking beer and low-alcohol drinks in public places has a negative impact on the moral and ethical climate in society and creates an atmosphere of permissiveness. The desire to understand this issue, as well as its relevance today, prompted us to turn to the stated research topic.

The sociological study involved 82 people, students of schools in Samara at the age of 14-16 years. Among them, 41 girls and 41 boys.

In the course of the study, a set of methods adequate to the object and subject of the study was used, namely: "Method of personal differential", "Questionnaire for identifying the attitude of adolescents to beer alcoholism". The reliability of the results was established using correlation analysis (Spearman's rank analysis), φ* - Fisher's angular transform criterion, U - Mann-Whitney test.

"Questionnaire to identify the attitude of adolescents to beer alcoholism" includes 16 questions with multiple answers. The questionnaire is aimed at studying three main relationships: I.

Personal experience of use. This position is tracked by the following questions:

No. 4. At what age did you try alcoholic drink;

No. 5. What alcoholic drink did you try for the first time;

No. 7. How often do you drink alcohol;

No. 9. When you consider it appropriate to drink alcohol;

No. 10. Have you ever regretted drinking alcohol?

No. 11. Have you experienced discomfort after drinking alcohol? II.

Civil position. This position is tracked by the following questions:

No. 1. Do you think that alcoholism is a problem of modern society;

No. 2. Do you think that this problem will always be present in society;

No. 6. What kind of alcoholic drink can you drink at your age;

No. 8. How do you feel about the prohibition of drinking alcohol;

No. 12. Will the situation with the use of alcoholic beverages change in the future;

No. 13. Do you think that everyone can become addicted to alcohol. III.

Inclusion in prevention (attitude towards prevention):

No. 3. Do you think that you can make a significant contribution to the prevention of alcohol addiction;

No. 14. In your opinion, what motives can contribute to a person's addiction to alcoholic beverages;

No. 15. If a loved one began to abuse alcohol, what would you do;

No. 16. In your opinion, is it difficult to recover from alcohol addiction?

Statistical analysis. The percentage of respondents who gave an answer to a particular question is calculated. 2.

Quantitative analysis. Allows you to track the positive or negative "attitude" of adolescents to the problem of beer alcoholism.

After collecting data using the above questionnaire, the "Personal Differential" technique was carried out. The results obtained were compared, and methods of mathematical statistics were applied to them.

As a result, the following conclusions were drawn: 1.

There are differences in the attitude of boys and girls to the problem of "beer alcoholism". 2.

For boys, the following positions are characteristic: -

in adolescence, you can drink beer; -

alcoholic beverages can be consumed in a situation of relieving emotional stress; -

each person decides for himself - "to drink alcohol or not", so you should not interfere in the process of making this decision -

adolescent boys with high self-esteem have a greater awareness of the problem of "beer alcoholism". 3.

For girls, the following positions are characteristic: -

it is appropriate to drink alcohol at the birthday party; -

if a loved one began to abuse alcohol, then it is necessary to conduct an explanatory conversation with him. 4.

Nevertheless, the positions of boys and girls in relation to the problem of "beer alcoholism" there are a number of similar opinions. -

Regarding citizenship:

Alcoholism is a problem of modern society.

This problem will always be present in society.

You can't ban alcohol.

In the future, alcohol consumption will increase. -

With regard to prevention:

It is difficult to recover from alcohol addiction.

Not everyone can be addicted to alcohol.

Both those and others believe that they will not be able to make a significant contribution to the prevention of alcohol dependence. -

In a relationship personal experience uses:

Boys and girls tried alcohol before the age of 14.

Neither of them ever regretted drinking alcohol.

Thus, during the study it was possible to establish that there are differences in the attitude of boys and girls to the problem of "beer alcoholism". Despite this, it can be stated that not all the problems voiced during the study have been studied in depth and thoroughly. Nevertheless, this study can become the basis for further study of the problem of "beer alcoholism" and can be used to prevent alcohol (beer) addiction among young people.

Literature 1.

Guzikov, B.M. Identification of the contingent of adolescents with the risk of abuse of narcotic and other toxic substances / B.M. Guzikov, A.A. Vdovichenko, N.Ya. Ivanov // Review of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology. - 1993. 2.

Egorov, A.Yu. Features of alcoholism in puberty and post-puberty // Proceedings of the Congress on child psychiatry. September 25-28, 2001. - M., 2001. 3.

Practical Psychodiagnostics / Ed. D.Ya. Raygorodsky. - Samara, 2000. 4.

Korolenko, Ts.P. addictive behavior. general characteristics and patterns of development // Review of psychiatry and medical psychology. - 1991.

1.5. Beer and procreation

Another quote from beer lovers: “Almost all the authors of old books about beer recommend drinking beer even for nursing mothers and infants, seriously arguing that beer is the most suitable food for children after mother’s milk. Even the “teacher of peoples” Jan Amos Komensky did not exclude beer from the children's diet." Although it is actually useful to give children beer wort.

Serious modern doctors completely deny the advisability of recommending beer to children and pregnant women. This is reflected even in the rules of trade:Do not sell beer to pregnant women. It turns out that at the counters where they sell beer and alcoholic beverages, "information on contraindications to the use of alcoholic beverages" should hang in a conspicuous place. New trade rules oblige citizens to be informed that intoxicating drinks are especially harmful to pregnant and lactating women, adolescents under 18, heart patients, hypertensive patients, kidney patients, liver disease, etc.

Along with the direct toxic effect of alcohol on the testicles, known value has a violation of liver function and its ability to destroy estrogen (female sex hormones) that develops in those suffering from alcohol dependence. It is known that with cirrhosis of the liver, the amount of estrogen in both men and women increases significantly, which leads to inhibition of the sexual function of the pituitary gland. In addition, it is worth remembering the already mentioned phytoestrogens (plant hormone). As a result, female sex hormones begin to accumulate. The pelvis becomes wider, the mammary glands grow, from which colostrum begins to stand out. For three days a month, a man's nasal mucosa swells and nosebleeds are noted. The ambulance, which is usually called in such cases, is unable to help, because the doctors do not know true reasons this bleeding. It happens when a man big lover beer, a malignant tumor of the breast develops.

Women are more likely to develop breast cancer in proportion to the amount of beer they drink. It is dangerous to drink the beer of a breastfeeding mother baby. The baby may have epileptic convulsions, and over time, epilepsy (a paroxysmal manifestation of impaired brain activity) may also occur.

Chapter 2. Research part.

2.1. Research methods and analysis of results.

Experience #1

Study of the effect of beer on proteins.

Equipment: egg white filtered through cotton wool, water, beer, 10% solutionNaOH; 1% solution CuSO 4 .

Working process.

Pour 1-2 ml into two test tubes. egg white. In one of them add 8 ml. water, and in the other the same amount of beer and shake, then compare the contents.

In the first test tube, the protein dissolves, because. egg white is easily soluble (it is well absorbed by the body). A dense white precipitate forms in the second test tube, because Protein does not dissolve in alcohol: alcohol removes water from proteins. As a result, the structure of the protein and its functions are disturbed.

To prove the irreversible change in proteins under the influence of beer, we will conduct a biuret reaction in both test tubes (reaction to soluble protein). To do this, add 3 ml to the test tubes. 10% solutionNaOH, as well as 3 drops of a 1% solutionCuSO 4 . In the complete absence of soluble proteins, the color will be blue. In a test tube that does not contain alcohol, a purple color is observed, indicating the presence of dissolved protein. In the test tube where the beer was added, no protein was found in the solution. This means that an important property of the protein, solubility, was violated.

Result: beer causes protein clotting, prevents the digestion and assimilation of food.

Experience No. 2

Study of the effect of beer on the liver.

Equipment: beaker, chicken liver, beer.

Working process.

Chicken liver was placed in a beaker and beer was added, it changed color, became pale yellow.

Result: liver cells die even under the influence of a small amount of alcohol.

Experience number 3.

Influence of the action of beer on the embryos of plant seeds.

Equipment: three Petri dishes, bean seeds, beer, alcohol, water.

Working process.

Bean seeds were placed in three Petri dishes. Water was added to one cup, beer to another, alcohol to the third. A week later, it was possible to observe that the seeds germinated in a cup of water, they swelled in beer, but no sprouts appeared, no changes occurred in alcohol.

Result: even a small amount of alcohol in beer affects the germination of seeds in negative side, and this effect is all the more noticeable, the higher the concentration of alcohol.

2.2 Does beer alcoholism exist? Poll among students.

Does beer alcoholism really exist? What is the opinion of scientists.

The systematic use of beer can cause alcoholism as well as wine, vodka, cognac. Beer alcoholism develops according to the laws of ordinary alcoholism. Alcohol is a poison that has a narcotic effect. Beer promotes relaxation and tranquility. Over time, a person without beer is not able to feel normal, his mood worsens, tension appears, sleep is disturbed. Beer becomes a habit, doses increase. Among those who turn to narcologists for help, approximately 15-20% suffer from beer alcoholism. Beer alcoholism is especially common among young people (under 25).

What's wrong with beer? Beer alcoholism is more dangerous than vodka alcoholism, as it forms imperceptibly. The disease progresses very quickly, accompanied by severe mental disorders, degradation of personality, difficult to treat.

The opinion that beer cannot be considered a real alcoholic drink is not uncommon. It is often put on a par with kefir (also containing alcohol) and some carbonated drinks. For a long time it was believed that beer cannot contribute to the development of alcoholism, 40 years ago, doctors recommended beer to compensate for the deficiency of vitamin B (which is part of beer), to combat insomnia. Today, the attitude towards beer has changed.

To determine the enlightenment of children regarding beer alcoholism, 120 students in grades 8-11 were interviewed.

According to the results of the analysis of the questionnaires, it was found that more than 60% of the respondents are convinced that alcohol helps in communication between adolescents. These representations are capable of provoking the use of beer and alcoholic beverages. More often, the desire to drink beer appears during a period of failure, stiffness, alcohol intoxication reduces sensitivity, and therefore leads to drinking. Most students are familiar with the taste of beer on own experience, 50% of all students drink beer systematically, preferring those brands that are advertised in advertising. There is a decrease in the age threshold for the start of consumption of alcoholic beverages.

2.3. Statistical analysis - alcohol consumption teenagers 13 - 17 years old.

Of the 120 respondents, half (67 hours) believe that beer is not able to quench thirst, but at the same time improves mood. Girls have a more positive attitude towards beer, and at the same time, drinking beer, they are aware of its harm to the body. Only 4% of respondents do not know about the dangers of beer on the body or deny it.

13% of respondents did not try beer at all, 9% tried it, but they did not like it. Only 22% of respondents do not drink beer.

32% of respondents drink 0.5 liters of beer at a time, of which 25% are girls and 8% boys. More than 1 liter is consumed by 9% of girls and 19% of boys.

Alcoholic intoxication occurs faster in girls than in boys, depending on the percentage of alcohol per kg. body weight. As a result, 33% of girls and 25% of boys who drink beer became intoxicated. In general, 58% of the respondents reached alcohol intoxication. 2% of teenagers drink beer on their own, 70% with friends and 11% with relatives.

Output:

Knowing about the dangers of beer, most young people drink it, and they still count on raising their mood, relaxing, and even being accepted into the company through beer. Parents believe that less harm will be done to their children if they taste beer in their presence or use it as a remedy. (The presence of yeast in beer prevents acne.)

As one of the leading reasons for the spread of beer alcoholism among adolescents, narcologists consider advertising. It provokes earlier initiation not only to beer, but also to other drinks and smoking. In this regard, the formation of adolescents' critical attitude to the information presented in advertising, the ability to analyze the methods of social influence used is of great importance.

The basis of the mechanism of the impact of advertising on a person is that, as a rule, it is focused on the formation of positive emotions, creates a positive emotional background, gives a feeling of security, relaxation, etc. Demonstration of successful people, beautiful views, the attributes of a rich life are not just pleasant pictures, they are designed to evoke in the viewer a sense of belonging to "well-being". It has been established that the purchase of the advertised product is often an attempt by a person to compensate for a feeling of self-doubt. Thus, he seems to join the group of "successful and prosperous."

The impact of advertising can also be carried out through a certain advertising slogan, that is, the most memorable short phrase in advertising that attracts attention, is remembered, forms an attitude towards the product (“Beer for real men”, “Yarpivo is more positive”), etc.

Of course, you can not consider any advertising as an exclusively negative phenomenon, it performs an important social function, helping to navigate the world of goods. However, you need to understand that the task of advertising is to influence our consciousness and behavior, so it is important to analyze the information provided. Young people are particularly exposed to advertising. Teenagers and young people, following advertising, prefer beer from alcoholic beverages.

Conclusion.

We see the problem of drinking beer and alcoholic beverages as one of the reasons for the lack of a culture of behavior and literacy of young men and women about the dangers of alcohol on the body and the symptoms of addiction to it.

After conducting a statistical analysis, according to an anonymous survey of adolescents, the reasons for drinking beer and alcoholic beverages were identified. Most often it happens in a company. Younger teenagers are drawn in by older ones. Drinking beer smooths out age differences. Teenagers feel relaxed, independent, mature, bolder. The dose of an alcoholic drink drunk does not exceed 0.5-1 liter, but the result of its action is intoxication. Most often, the age of adolescents caught in this condition is 14 years. Many of them tasted beer for the first time in the company of their parents or relatives. There is concern about the increase in beer consumption by teenage girls.

Having carried out laboratory experiments, we were convinced that the ethyl alcohol contained in beer denatures protein and disrupts metabolic processes in the body. The experiments made it possible to more convincingly tell teenagers about the dangers of beer.According to the narcological dispensary in Taldykorgan, the percentage of alcohol consumption has increased by over the past two years, the increase in offenses committed by minors under 14 years of age,

In order to prevent beer alcoholism, an action was held at school, a newspaper was published, and conversations were held in high school about addiction and harmful effects on the body.

Health is the greatest personal asset of a person. Our body has enormous potential for maintaining and maintaining health, but these possibilities are not unlimited. If a harmful factor affects the body systematically, then its condition invariably begins to deteriorate, and a disease occurs. One such factor is beer. Alcohol does not spare any organ. Drink beer or refuse? The choice is for each of us. Our choice is responsibility to our health, our family, our future!

List of used literature and Internet resources:

1. Kolesov D.V. "Conversations about anti-alcohol education" M., Education, 1987

2. Kolesov D.V. "Prevention of bad habits in schoolchildren". M., 1984

3. Makeeva A.G. "Pedagogical prevention of drug addiction in schoolchildren". M., Enlightenment 2005

4. Rokhlov V.S. " Tutorial in physiology." M., Asadema 1999

5.Shabalina V.V. "Dependent behavior of schoolchildren". Medical Press 2001

6. Yagodinsky V.N. Schoolchild about the dangers of nicotine and alcohol. M., Enlightenment 1986

7.Internet.

Application No. 1

Questionnaire.

Your age is 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 years oldunderline

Your gender Male Femaleunderline.

1. Do you think that beer is a drink that can quench your thirst?

Yes. no. Do not know.

2. Do you know about the dangers of beer on the body?

Yes. no. Do not know.

3. Do you drink beer, tonics with an alcoholic effect?

Yes. no.

4. At what age did you first try (la) beer:

10-12 years old, 12-14 years old, 14-16 years old.

5. Do you often drink this drink?

Whenever there is an opportunity to buy.

Often

Seldom

Only when served.

6. Do you enjoy what you drink?

No effect.

Improves mood

Sleepy.

7. How many beers could (la) drink at a time?

0.5 liter, 1 liter, more than 1 liter.

They do not know about the dangers of beer

They know about the dangers of beer, but

use it

Application No. 3

"Do you really dislike your body so much that methodically, glass by glass, pour poison into it?"

Drink beer - ruin yourself !!!

Application No. 4

Table "Statistical analysis of the consumption of alcoholic beverages by adolescents aged 13-17".

Answer options

boys

1) Beer-quencher of thirst?

2) Is beer harmful?

3) Do you use tonics with an alcoholic effect?

4) At what age for the first time

tried (a) beer?

Do not use

5) How often do you drink this drink?

Buy if possible

When will treat

Do not use

6) Do you enjoy what you drink?

no effect

Improves mood

7) How much could (la) drink at one time?

more than 1 liter

8) Did the beer cause

alcohol intoxication?

9) With whom did you drink beer for the first time?

With friends

With relatives

10) With whom most often

do you drink beer?

With friends

With relatives

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Subject and object of research. Science project on the theme of "beer" Research program on the theme of beer

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