Household refrigerators classification. Household refrigerators: classification, modern range of compression refrigerators

The work of refrigerators is based on the artificial removal of heat from the internal space to the environment.

I. According to the method of heat transfer from the refrigerator to the environment. Household refrigerators are divided into:

Compression (K);

Absorption-diffusion (A);

Thermoelectric (TE);

Magnetic (M).

In compression and absorption-diffusion refrigerators, heat from the refrigerator is removed to the environment using a special working substance - a refrigerant (in compression - freon gas , in absorption-diffusion - a solution of ammonia with hydrogen), which, as it circulates through the closed system of the refrigeration unit, changes its state of aggregation, passing from a liquid state to a gaseous state and back to a liquid state.

The process of transition from liquid to gaseous state (the process of evaporation or boiling) is carried out inside the refrigerator and is accompanied by heat absorption.

In compression refrigerators, the movement of the refrigerant (freon - 12, less often freon - 22, another name for freon - 12, 22) is caused by the operation of the electric motor and compressor (a complex assembly designed to compress and increase the temperature of the refrigerant vapor).

The refrigerant under pressure caused by the operation of the electric motor enters the compressor, where it is compressed and heated. The heated vapors enter the condenser, the temperature of which is lower than the temperature of the refrigerant. Condensation occurs in the condenser due to the temperature difference (vapor to liquid). The refrigerant then enters the evaporator through a narrow capillary tube. Since the evaporator channels are much larger than the diameter of the capillary tube, a pressure drop occurs in it and the refrigerant boils. Turning into vapor, the refrigerant absorbs heat in the refrigerator compartment and the temperature decreases. Then the vaporous freon is sucked in from the evaporator by the compressor and the whole cycle is repeated. The condenser is cooled by ambient air.

The design of the refrigerating chamber of compression refrigerators allows you to create different temperature conditions in certain places. In a conventional refrigerator, the temperature is maintained from +2 to + 10 ° C, in some types -0 ° C, in the freezer compartment from -6 to -24 ° C (quick freezing), in the low-temperature compartment - pre-frozen products are stored.

[ In foreign-made compression refrigerators, there may be additional temperature compartments (“wine cellar”, ice maker, etc.). ]

Refrigerators can be defrosted in the usual way or with the help of special systems (No-Frost, Frost-Free, etc.).

Apparatuses with the No-Frost system are defrosted automatically due to the fact that air is distributed throughout the refrigerator with the help of special fans. However, this system creates:

1) increased noise level and constant air circulation;

2) dries the products.

In refrigerators with a “weeping” evaporator, the latter is located in the refrigerator compartment. When the compressor is running, freezing occurs, and when it stops, thawing occurs due to the heat generated by the products. Moisture is removed through special channels.

In refrigerators with the Frost-Free system, a “weeping” evaporator and a No-Frost system are used simultaneously.

Range of compression refrigerators:

1) domestic - Stinol-205 (107; 110) - Novolipetsk Iron and Steel Works; Atlant - 355-0 (151-01); Nord - 233 (226; 234) - Belarus and Ukraine.

2) foreign - Bosch KGS 3202; Siemens KGE 3501; Indesit GC 2322W; Ariston - 216; Sharp RFSJ-55; Samsung SR-V-43.

In absorption-diffusion refrigerators, unlike compression refrigerators, there is no electric motor with a compressor, so the device operates silently. The movement of the refrigerant (a solution of ammonia with hydrogen) is carried out by heating (electric, gas, etc.).

Cooling of the chamber is achieved, as in compression refrigerators, by absorbing heat from it by boiling liquid ammonia in the evaporator.

In the freezer compartment of such refrigerators, a temperature of about -5 ° C is maintained.

Absorption refrigerators are small in size, operate silently, consume a small amount of electricity, and are relatively cheap.

The range is represented by devices of domestic production (Hoarfrost, Morozko), as well as foreign firms - Whirpool, Electrolux, etc.

Getting cold in thermoelectric refrigerators is based on the Peltier effect, and refrigerators do not have a refrigerant. The Peltier effect lies in the fact that when a direct current flows through dissimilar semiconductors (i.e., materials with different conductivity - exp: selenium with bismuth, tellurium with antimony), a temperature difference is created at their junctions (connections); one semiconductor is heated (it is placed outside the refrigerator), and the other is cooled by the same amount (it is placed inside the refrigerator).

The temperature inside the refrigerator is up to +5 ° C.

Thermoelectric refrigerators consume a lot of electricity and are expensive. They are mainly used as car refrigerators.

Assortment: Seagull, Voronezh, Krokha, etc.

II. For climate change:

1) (up to 40 ° C) refrigerators for a temperate climate (U);

2) (up to 45 ° C) for tropical (T).

III. According to the number of refrigerators:

Single chamber;

Two-chamber;

Three-chamber;

Multichamber.

IV. According to the temperature regime in the low-temperature compartment:

1) up to -6 o C;

2) from -6 to -12 about C;

3) from -12 to -18 about C;

4) from -18 to -24 o C.

V. According to the place of installation:

1) floor in the form of a cabinet (W);

2) floor in the form of a table (C);

3) built-in desktop (H);

4) block-built-in (B);

5) portable.

VI. According to the difficulty group - from 0 to 5.

VII. Comfort level:

1) refrigerators with ordinary comfort;

2) with increased comfort (automatic defrosting; automatic closing of the door (if not closed at an angle of up to 10 °), light indication of the operating mode, device for cooling and pouring drinks, computer control and monitoring system, timer clock, sound alarm open door and etc.).

VIII. According to the internal volume of the chamber:

In the labeling of refrigerators, the total volume in liters is indicated by numbers through a fraction, the numerator is the total volume, the denominator is the volume of low temperature regime.

IX. Production materials: metal, plastic, etc.

X. By the nature of the coating and finish.

XI. By models: model number - two digits, modification number - a digit separated by a hyphen).

Refrigerator labeling contains:

1) brand - Stinol;

2) difficulty group (0-5);

3) serial number of the model (two digits);

4) the serial number of the modification (digit separated by a hyphen);

5) type of refrigeration appliance (compression);

6) number of cameras;

7) total volume;

8) the nature of the installation (floor in the form of a cabinet);

9) number of the standard;

10) temperature in the lower temperature compartment.

In foreign models of refrigerators, the level of energy consumption is indicated, which is reflected in the letters: A, B and C - very economical, D - economical, E, F and G - with high power consumption.

2. Classification and characteristics of the range of household refrigerators. Directions for improving their parameters

Household refrigerators and freezers are designed for short-term as well as long-term storage of perishable food products, semi-finished products and ready meals in chilled or frozen form. The household refrigeration market has grown by an average of 20% annually over the past three years.

Refrigerators are a high-demand product, a fairly representative group on the consumer market, since it includes a wide range of refrigerators of various brands and specifications, and the formation of the preferred structure of the assortment of these goods in trade is of particular interest. Modern Russian market refrigeration equipment began to take shape in the early nineties and is currently continuing to develop rapidly. Estimates of the market capacity given in various sources differ quite significantly. Thus, according to experts of the consulting house Grifon, today the capacity of the Russian market of refrigeration equipment is 800 million US dollars.

There are many parameters by which modern household refrigerators are classified. The main ones are by purpose, principle of operation, layout options, etc.

In our country, the production of refrigerators is subject to the requirements of GOST 16317-87 "Household electrical refrigeration appliances". This standard applies to household electric compression and absorption refrigerators and household electric compression refrigerator-freezers intended for the storage and (or) freezing of food products in a domestic environment.

According to their purpose, refrigeration appliances are divided into refrigerators, freezers and refrigerator-freezers.

According to the method of obtaining cold - compression, absorption and thermoelectric.

According to the number of chambers - single-chamber, two-chamber, three-chamber and multi-chamber.

According to the installation method - on the floor-type cabinet, floor-type table, built-in wall, block built-in.

According to the ability to operate at maximum ambient temperatures, refrigeration appliances are divided into the following classes:

Class A (refrigerators): SN, N - not higher than 32 °С; ST - not higher than 38 °С; T - not higher than 43 ° С.

Class B (freezers and refrigerator-freezers): N - not higher than 32 °C; T - not higher than 43 ° С.

Depending on the temperature in the low-temperature compartment (LTO), refrigerators are marked as follows: with one asterisk (cooling down to -6°C); two asterisks (cooling up to - 12 C); three asterisks (cooling to - 18 °C).

The designation on the freezer door (MK) is a combination of one large and three small stars. Two-chamber refrigerators, as a rule, are marked with four asterisks, which indicates the possibility of freezing products in them with the required c, due to which their cellular structure is preserved.

Depending on the functions performed, refrigeration appliances are divided into groups of complexity.

Foreign refrigerators are divided into three comfort classes: functional class; comfort class; premium class.

The functional class meets the most important functional requirements for food storage conditions and the efficiency of the refrigerator in operation at the best combination of price and quality.

Comfort-class refrigerators, in addition to the main functions, also mi-ut additional ones that increase comfort and ease of use.

Premium refrigerators have the largest selection of features and comfort elements

In order to compare the characteristics of electricity consumption when buying, in European countries all refrigeration and freezing equipment is supplied with a so-called “Euro-sticker”, indicating the energy consumed. Devices of all manufacturers are divided into "energy classes" on a five-point scale from A to G:

economical models (the color of the stickers on the case is from dark green to yellow-green) - A, B and C;

intermediate class (yellow sticker) - D;

models with high power consumption (sticker color from orange to red) - E, F and G,

The energy consumption of home refrigerators is about 24% of the total energy consumption of household electrical appliances, exactly the same amount of energy costs for lighting. In this regard, we can assume in the future an increase in the production of more advanced devices in terms of energy consumption while reducing the market share of inefficient products

Household refrigerators by design options can be classified as:

Universal single-chamber version, classic.

Freezer.

Single-chamber refrigerator without low-temperature compartment.

Two-chamber (multi-chamber) refrigerator.

Refrigerator without frost (No Frost)

Universal single-chamber version (aka regular, classic). Refrigerators of this class are made according to the simplest scheme with one evaporator, which simultaneously acts as a low-temperature compartment, this is what is commonly called a freezer. It is intended for storage of a small amount of products at low temperatures, and storage of other products at temperatures close to 0°C. In the entire refrigerator, the lowest temperature in the evaporator serves as an evaporator for storing frozen foods. Cooling of the rest of the refrigerator volume occurs from the evaporator due to natural air convection inside the working space of the refrigerator below it. The temperature regime is maintained by a thermostat, which periodically opens when the set temperature is reached. electrical circuit, stops the operation of the motor-compressor, as soon as the temperature rises, the thermostat turns on the motor-compressor, closing the circuit, and the cycle repeats. The thermostat setting is such that would maintain the temperature in the freezer compartment in the range from -12°C to -18°C. The surface area of ​​the evaporator is small compared to the total volume of the refrigerator, which makes it impossible to cool the entire volume to undesirable temperatures at which the products in the refrigerator compartment would freeze.

Freezer. In its design, it resembles a universal single-chamber version, it is also made with one evaporator, with the only difference being that the evaporator occupies the entire working volume of the chamber, the surface area is large enough in relation to the volume, which allows efficient cooling of the entire space. The thermostat setting is made in such a way as to ensure the operating temperature in the range from -18°С to -24°С. Designed for long-term storage of a sufficiently large amount of products at low temperatures.

Single-chamber refrigerator without low-temperature compartment. It is made according to a simple scheme, with one evaporator, usually located vertically along the rear inner wall of the refrigerator. It is intended for storage of products in the temperature range from 0°С to +10°С. The design includes a heating element mounted on the evaporator, the purpose of which is to remove the frost that forms during the operating cycle of the motor-compressor. The defrost process occurs every time the thermostat switches off the motor-compressor when the evaporator cools down to the set temperature. The thermostat is set in such a way that, like all refrigerators, it turns off when the set temperature is reached, and it turns on after all the frost has thawed from the surface of the evaporator. The constant cyclically repeating presence of drops on the surface of such an evaporator explains its name - a "weeping" type evaporator. By its design, such a refrigerator is a half of a two-chamber refrigerator devoid of a low-temperature compartment.

Two-chamber (multi-chamber) refrigerator. In the usual version, it is a refrigerator with evaporators connected in series, with one compressor, assembled together in a single housing, but installed in different compartments (chambers). The evaporator that is cooled first is installed in the low-temperature compartment (LTC). The cooled evaporator is installed in the positive-temperature compartment in the second place. The defrost of the evaporator in the positive-temperature compartment is automatic. However, there are options for arranging two (several) independent cooling systems in a single housing, having in their circuit a separate evaporator for each chamber, the operation of which is ensured by the corresponding number of compressors.

There are also two-in-one layout schemes, when it is possible to connect, or vice versa, separate the body of the freezer and refrigerator without NTO.

Refrigerator without frost (No Frost). By its design, it can be either single-chamber or multi-chamber, with or without NTO, or it can simply be a freezer of the No Frost system. The design of such a system uses a highly efficient finned evaporator, fan, timer and heating element. The used finned evaporator paired with a fan provides sufficient cooling of the entire volume of the refrigerator. The timer provides periodic inclusion of the refrigerator in the defrost mode at certain intervals. The heating element of increased power in the defrost mode quickly removes the amount of frost that accumulates on the evaporator during the operation of the refrigerator in operating mode. Thus, the refrigerator operates in a cyclical mode, which saves the user from having to manually defrost it.

Mini refrigerators. This category includes small compression, absorption and thermoelectric refrigerators (less than 850 mm high). Compression mini-refrigerators can be used in offices and hotels, as well as built into mini-bars and showcases. Absorption mini-refrigerators are preferable for use in the country or on a tourist trip. They work from a 12-volt car cigarette lighter, from a 220 V, 50 Hz network or from a gas cartridge with gas consumption from 180 to 250 g per day. Thermoelectric mini-refrigerators (up to 20 l) are used as automobile and portable

Directions for improving the parameters of refrigerators.

Designers create all new "novelties", and production carries out their development. Segodnya pynok ppedlagaet dvux-, and tpex- mnogokamepnye xolodilniki and kombinipovannye xolodilniki c kamepami "cvezhecti" veptikalnye and gopizontalnye mopozilniki, a takzhe univepcalnye xolodilniki-mopozilniki and xolodilniki c univepcalnymi kamepami.

Dvuxkamepnye xolodilniki c vepxnim, bottom and bokovym pacpolozheniem mopozilnoy kamepy, c and ectectvennoy ppitnuditelnoy tsipkulyatsiey vozduxa, kombinipovannye xolodilniki c nezavicimym pegulipovaniem tempepatup in kamepax, c komppeccopami 1 and 2, and mnogofunktsionalnye univepcalnye xolodilniki cpocobny udovletvopit zappocy camyx vzyckatelnyx pokupateley. Multifunctional and multi-chamber refrigerators provide the possibility of freezing and storing food in various states (fresh, chilled and frozen).

Universal refrigerators allow you to change the operating modes in the cells, depending on changes in circumstances in the family. The universal refrigerator can be used to store frozen meat in one season, and in the other to store fruit stocks in the “damp fresh” mode.

In tselyax uluchsheniya uclovy polzovaniya and uvelicheniya ppodolzhitelnocti xpaneniya ppoduktov in xolodilniki vctpaivayut zapaxopoglotiteli, lampy for infpakpacnogo, and gamma-ultpafioletovogo izlucheniya, a takzhe cektsii, zapolnyaemye azotom. Antibacterial irradiation helps to slow down the reproduction of putrefactive and pathogenic bacteria.

For cemey, upotpeblyayuschix in bolshix kolichectvax oxlazhdennuyu vodu and led, pynok ppedlagaet xolodilniki co vctpoennymi vodooxladitelyami, and ledogenepatopami pazdatochnymi uctpoyctvami, pozvolyayuschimi zapolnit ctakan xolodnoy vodoy, kubikami or kposhevom lda, ne otkpyvaya dvepi xolodilnika. Bars with separate doors are built into the doors of prestigious models, through which you can get chilled drinks without opening the large refrigerator chamber.

Refrigerators with superior comfort have a device for semi-automatic or automatic defrosting of the XK evaporator with defrost removal, plus at least one more of the following devices:

Maintaining a certain humidity in the HC;

Cooling drinks with their issuance without opening the door;

Alarm modes of operation;

Restrictions on the opening angle of the door;

Forced closing of the door when opening at an angle of less than 10 °;

Permutations of shelves in height with an interval of less than 5 cm;

Extending the loaded shelf to a distance of at least 50% of its depth.

In modern refrigerators, other devices are used that improve the consumer qualities of the device:

sound alarm about too long open door;

removal of the temperature controller outer panel management;

installation on this panel of a mechanical or digital temperature indicator in the chamber, etc.

The refrigerating chambers of some foreign refrigerators are equipped with a defroster - a small compartment with a fan that provides intensive air circulation through this compartment. The fan is switched on via a time relay, which allows you to set a certain duration of its operation, depending on the mass of the product to be defrosted. This device allows you to speed up the defrosting process at low temperatures in cold storage.

It is also proposed to use built-in microwave defrosters and sublimators, as well as chambers for long-term storage of products in a gaseous environment.

Some foreign firms (Samsung, LG Electronics) install air purifiers inside the refrigerator and lamps covered with special ceramics to slow down the process of food spoilage, emitting in the infrared range.

In modern foreign models, the prospects for microprocessor control systems in household appliances are considered. The introduction of electronic diagnostics to monitor the operation of complex systems was a step towards the creation of computerized refrigerators. Kompyutepizipovannoe uppavlenie pozvolyaet zadavat and kontpolipovat ucloviya xpaneniya ppoduktov and pabotu xolodilnika, ppovodit elektponnuyu camodiagnoctiku neicppavnoctey and opepativno peshat, HOW ppoblemy uctpaneniya neicppavnoctey, tak and zadachi povcednevnoy ekcpluatatsii.

The improvement of the design of electronic equipment elements opens the way for computerized refrigerators. Such models are already present in the markets of America and Europe. The built-in microcomputer with Internet access allows not only to control the contents of the refrigerator, but also to place orders for products without leaving home.

It would be absolutely wrong to believe that the advanced technical solutions used today in the best models of refrigerators are the prerogative of only distant foreign manufacturers. Firstly, recently the geography of refrigerator production has approached the Russian consumer (factories of Vestel, BEKO, LG, etc. have opened in our country), and secondly, manufacturers in Russia and neighboring countries are successfully mastering new technologies.

Appendix 1 presents different kinds refrigerators, with all sorts of innovations and functions.

Leading manufacturers of refrigeration equipment

The great variety of brands and models of refrigerators on the market today sometimes confuses the consumer. To understand this abundance, let's go through the exhibition of household appliances and electronics, which was held at the Crocus Expo IEC. The exposition of refrigeration equipment included household refrigerators and freezers of mass demand of Russian and foreign production.

Each manufacturer is trying to occupy a certain niche in the market and establish itself as firmly as possible in it, therefore, the leaders in the development of, say, refrigerators with quick dry freezing of products, are real professionals in their field. It is clear that it is difficult to cover all manufacturers in the Russian refrigerator market, so let's focus on those who are the sales leader at the moment, or have earned some name for themselves by deeds of the recent past.

The range of domestic models included:

Among compatriots, refrigerators of the new Biryusa series stood out, which can be considered as a presentation of the plant's proposals for Russian buyers for the very near future. The Krasnoyarsk plant of refrigerators "Biryusa" showed models of Italian design with electronic and electromechanical control.

Podolsky plant presented refrigerators under the EXQVISIT brand.

The plant of refrigerators "ZIL" showed two-chamber Korean design with frost-free walls.

The Minsk plant produces units - Atlant - these are the refrigerators that can be recommended, they are quite comparable in quality with Western European counterparts, they are reliable and durable.

Stinol - economy class refrigerators, are quite suitable for operation in such conditions when there are no excessive requirements of the owner to the equipment.

The Velikoluksky plant offered Morozko compression and thermoelectric refrigerators with solid and transparent doors.

The near abroad was represented by models of the Ukrainian group Nord under the brands Nord and Dnepr. Interestingly, in all Nord products, the refrigerator compartment and the inner door panel are made of special plastic, which contains silver ions and has bactericidal properties.

European refrigerators were presented by the most famous brands of Russian buyers: AEG, BOSCH, SIEMENS, ELECTROLUX, WHIRLPOOL, BEKO. In addition to free-standing refrigerators, more expensive models built into furniture were shown at the exhibition. For the purpose of bactericidal protection and increasing the shelf life of fresh products, all leading European companies use plastic containing silver ions for the manufacture of internal chambers and door panels of refrigerators.

Brazilian-assembled two-compartment refrigerators with a top freezer of the WHIRLPOOL brand were models of a higher price range. Refrigerators are equipped with filters that can trap bacteria and mold spores, as well as odors from their vital activity.

AEG refrigerators are distinguished by high German quality and efficiency in operation, confirmed by class A +. They are focused on the convenience and comfort of the consumer. Refrigeration AEG SANTO is the market leader in built-in refrigerators and freezers.

The two-chamber BOSCH made of stainless steel had a display at the top of the refrigerator door.

The prestigious SIEMENS had a built-in TV.

The most expensive model is the prestigious two-chamber ELECTROLUX with hinged doors, leather handles and wicker baskets.

Japanese refrigerators were represented by SHARP and TOSHIBA brands. The attention of visitors was attracted by the improved 5-door model of the 4-chamber SHARP refrigerator with frost-free walls. TOSHIBA two-chamber refrigerators have a rotary ice mold with a hopper instead of an ice maker. When manually turned, the ice mold bends and ice cubes pour out of it into the hopper.

Two-chamber Haier models had a top, bottom and side freezer. Prestigious models were with mirrors on the doors.

In the Hisense refrigerator, the universal chamber has an operating temperature range of +4°C to -10°C.

The range of household refrigerators reflected the state of demand in the Russian market. Relatively inexpensive models with improved consumer performance accounted for the largest number of exhibits. In comparison with previous exhibitions, the share of refrigerators with forced air circulation in the refrigerating chamber, with electronic control and digital indication of temperatures in the chambers, with antibacterial protection of fresh products has increased in the assortment.

List of used literature

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2. Babadzhanov S.G. Economics of garment industry enterprises / S.G. Babadzhanov, Yu.A. Domozhirov. – M.: Academy, 2005. – 225 p.

3. Huseynova T.S. Commodity research of sewing and knitted goods: A textbook for the commodity department of trade universities / T.S. Huseynova, G.V. Zhiltsova. - M.: Economics, 2005. - 280 p.

4. Zhukov Yu.V. Very good after many // Sewing industry. - 2001. - No. 2.

5. Kochegarov B.E. Household machines and appliances: textbook part 1 / Refrigeration // B.E. Kochegarov, V.V. Lotsmanenko, G.V. Oparin. - Vladivostok: Publishing House of the Far Eastern State Technical University, 2004. - 166 p.

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9. Teplov V.I. Commercial merchandising / V.I. Teplov, N.V. Seroshtan. - M.: NORMA, 2001. - 620 p.

10. Tselikova L.V. Marketing research and directions for the formation of the preferred range of refrigerators in the consumer market / L.V. Tselikova, V.E. Sytsko, T.I. Tsybrankova and others - Gomel: BTEUPK, 2007. - 95 p.

11. Shishkina I.V. Commodity research and examination of haberdashery goods: Proc. allowance for students of higher educational institutions / I.V. Shishkin. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2003. - 192 p.

Refrigerator refrigerator strife

In the whole variety of refrigerators, one can single out freestanding and built-in models, portable and automotive appliances, refrigerators for medicines, ice makers and wine cabinets, ice cream makers and refrigerators for drinks. Freestanding models (they are also called “solo” models) are the most widespread in our kitchens, but recently more and more buyers prefer built-in appliances. Freestanding and built-in refrigerators can be single-chamber, two-chamber and three-chamber. In single-chamber refrigerators, for example ARDO MP 16 SA, there is only a chamber for cooling food and a small freezer (in the model under consideration, its volume is 22 liters, and the volume of the refrigerator compartment is 102 liters). In two-chamber refrigerators, for example, in Bosch KGS 36V01 for 24,300 rubles, one chamber (volume 227 l) is used to cool food, and the other is for freezing (volume 84 l). And in three-chamber models, such as the Toshiba GR-L42FR, the third chamber can often work either as a refrigerator or freezer, and can also serve as a special "freshness zone", which will be discussed below.

Most multi-chamber refrigerators are quite high, which is not always convenient, because sometimes it is very problematic for the hostess to put something on the top shelf. Fortunately, wide and low refrigerators with a large usable volume - up to 700 liters - were invented in America and soon became popular. Such refrigerators, in which the refrigerator and freezer are located next to each other, and not on top of each other, are called side-by-side. An example of such a device is the FRS-U20FET refrigerator from Daewoo Electronics. Thanks to know-how such as nano-silver technology and antibacterial coating, it is able to keep food fresh for a long time. It does not need to be opened to take ice cubes or pour a drink. cold water, it will perfectly serve as a home bar. It's easy to find him mutual language thanks to an accurate and convenient LCD display and electronic sensors for collecting climate information in different compartments of the refrigerator. Optimal organized space, low noise level, No Frost cooling system, Magic Cool zone - this is the gentleman's set of the FRS-U20FET refrigerator, the price of which in the complete set is 49,990 rubles.

Class game

All refrigerators differ in comfort, energy efficiency and climate class. The climatic class (it is denoted by the letters N, ST, T) is determined by the maximum ambient temperature at which the operating parameters declared by the manufacturer are provided. Refrigerators for temperate climates (N) should work normally at ambient temperatures up to 32 ° C, models for tropical latitudes (T) can withstand room temperatures up to 43 ° C.

The comfort class is a conditional concept, it determines how the refrigerator meets the needs of consumers, how ergonomic it is. In refrigerators of a high class of comfort, the doors should open easily, inside there should be convenient shelves, pull-out boxes and drawers, a shelf for horizontal storage of bottles, etc. It is worth noting that the shelves in refrigerators can be lattice (made of metal) or glass. Transparent shelves protect the products below from accidental spills and facilitate hygienic cleaning, but hinder air circulation. On the contrary, lattice shelves do not interfere with air circulation and contribute to more uniform cooling of products.

The energy standard is completely arbitrary. There are nine energy classes: from A ++ to G. Classes A ++, A +, A and B correspond to the most economical models, classes C and D - models with moderate power consumption. A class A++ refrigerator is about twice as economical as a class G refrigerator (however, class G appliances are probably not found on the market today). An example of an A+ energy class refrigerator is the ARDO DPF 41 SHX model, which belongs to the Special design line. The device with electronic temperature control and LCD display has a refrigerator compartment with a volume of 310 liters, a freezer compartment with a volume of 76 liters, and a freshness zone with a volume of 27 liters. The refrigerator has an ice cube space and an antibacterial system, a super-freezing mode is provided. The surface of the refrigerator has been specially treated against fingerprints (anti-fingerprint).

It should be remembered that the actual power consumption depends on the characteristics of the cooling system, the thickness and quality of the thermal insulation. When choosing a refrigerator, be sure to consider how economical it is.

When the wall cries

Modern refrigerators are equipped with mass additional features that turn their work into a real miracle.

Perhaps the most important “refrigeration” miracle is the No Frost system, which helps housewives save a lot of time without having to manually defrost the refrigerator. The No Frost system prevents the formation of frost in the freezer. It is formed on a special heat exchanger outside the freezer, and even there it is periodically melted by a heating element as its layer thickens, turns into water, flows into a special bath on the compressor and evaporates. Thus, refrigerators equipped with the No Frost system do not need to be defrosted at all. The only thing that housewives have to follow is the proper packaging of products: if its integrity is violated, food can quickly dehydrate and dry out, because cold (about -18 ° C) and dry air constantly circulates in the freezer with the No Frost system. It is he who removes from the freezer all the moisture that can turn into frost, and then into ice.

The No Frost system has gained universal acceptance to date. Such a system is equipped, for example, with an Indesit BAN 35 FNF SD refrigerator with a 280 l refrigerator and a 118 l freezer, a Hotpoint-Ariston MBT 1912 FI / HA refrigerator with the same dimensions of the refrigerator and freezer compartments, a Siemens KG 49NA71 refrigerator with a refrigerator with a volume of 307 liters and a freezer - 82 liters, and even such a giant as a side-by-side refrigerator, like Electrolux 7388 KG with a refrigerator compartment of 267 liters and a freezer - 198 liters.

To help the housewives, an automatic system for defrosting the refrigerating chamber was also invented, the cooling wall of which thaws during the mandatory shutdown of the compressor due to an increase in temperature. The water formed in this case flows down through a special channel or along the back wall of the refrigerator into the pan, from where it evaporates due to the heat from the running compressor. It is because of the flowing melt water that the automatic defrosting system is often called "weeping". The automatic defrost function is available in almost all modern refrigerators. It is equipped, for example, with Daewoo FR-291 models for 13,000 rubles, Hansa RFAK 311F, BEKO DSA 25000, not to mention expensive models such as from Liebherr CN 38130 for 27,000 rubles.

Refrigerator goes on vacation

Modern refrigerators not only save time, but also money: when going on vacation or a long business trip, you can switch the device to the economical “vacation” or “holiday” mode. In this case, the refrigerating chamber is switched off, in which the temperature is maintained at about + 15 ° C, and the air is constantly ventilated to avoid stagnation and bad odors. Vacation mode is equipped, for example, with the GA-479ULBA bottom freezer refrigerator manufactured by LG Electronics.

Other models with an economy mode function are, for example, AEG-Electrolux S 70358 KG at a price of about 36,500 rubles. and Ariston BCZ M 40 IX costing about 30,000 rubles.

Keepers of freshness

For modern refrigerators, it is important not only to preserve food, but to make sure that they remain fresh for as long as possible, do not lose their taste and aroma. And for this, many various technologies.

For example, refrigerators use a special antibacterial coating. Scientists have long discovered that food in refrigerators deteriorates due to bacteria and fungi. In order to extend the shelf life of perishable products, many refrigerator manufacturers have begun to coat the internal surfaces of their products with antibacterial compounds with silver ions, which has been considered a disinfectant since ancient times. In refrigerators with antibacterial protection, food is stored longer and better, and in addition, it prevents the appearance of unpleasant odors arising during the life of microbes. Such a coating, called AgION, is, for example, in the Bosch KGP 36320 refrigerator costing 25-26,000 rubles. The Electrolux ERB 40301 refrigerator (24,000 rubles) uses the Bacteria safe system.

It has been established that many products retain their freshness longer, do not lose their aroma, appearance and nutritional properties, if stored at a temperature of about 0 ° C and at a certain humidity. To ensure such conditions in refrigerators, a so-called “freshness zone” (“zero chamber”) is created. Its "proprietary" names are BioFresh (in Liebherr refrigerators), Fresh zone (LG), Fresh Box (Ariston), Natura Fresh (Electrolux), etc.

The “freshness zone” can be represented as a whole chamber, or as a separate shelf or box in the refrigerating chamber. It is subdivided into a “dry freshness” zone and a “wet freshness” zone. In the “dry freshness” zone, the temperature is maintained just below zero and the humidity is not more than 50% - this optimal conditions for storing meat, fish, cheese, etc. And greens, vegetables and fruits are better preserved in the “wet freshness” zone, where air humidity is maintained at about 90% and the temperature is slightly above zero. In the Siemens KI 26FA50 refrigerator at a price of about 24,000 rubles. the volume of the “wet freshness” zone is 15 liters, and the “dry” zone is 45 liters.

Featured in LG's new range of refrigerators, including the now familiar GA-479ULBA, Vitamin Plus technology works by infusing the air with concentrated, specially processed vitamin C, known for its antioxidant properties, to slow fruit and vegetable spoilage. One block of vitamin C is enough for 7 years of use, which corresponds to the optimal life of the refrigerator. In addition, the OptiFresh compartment maintains a temperature of around 0 °C, which is optimal for short-term storage of fresh meat and fish.

The "forced cooling" function helps to maintain the freshness of the products, which maintains in the refrigerator and freezer optimal temperature and uniform cooling of all products from all sides due to the constant forced circulation of multidirectional cold air flows inside the chambers. Constant air circulation is also a guarantee that products lying on adjacent shelves are not saturated with each other's smells. The effect of "forced cooling" is enhanced by special absorbers and deodorizers - filters built into the air circulation system. Such a filter, called "Z-fresher", can be found, for example, in the LG GR S 462 QVC model, which costs about 21,000 rubles.

Air circulation helps to extend the shelf life of food stored in the refrigerator and preserve their freshness and aromas. But with "forced cooling" energy costs increase, because it is carried out constantly.

The "quick cooling" function also contributes to the increase in the shelf life of products. Usually, the food stored in the refrigerator never runs out at the same time, and we are constantly adding food fresh from the store to the refrigerator compartment. They are, of course, warmer than those that are already in the refrigerator, and when they are placed on the shelves, the temperature in the refrigerator increases. Thanks to the “quick cooling” function, when fresh food enters the refrigerator, the temperature in the refrigerator compartment drops to +2 ° C. Fresh food cools down quickly, and already chilled food avoids unwanted temperature rise. The premium model AEG-Elelctrolux S 70408 KG with this function will cost 36-39 thousand rubles, and the middle class model Candy CFBC 3180 A - 17-19 thousand rubles.

Many refrigerator models have freezers with a quick freeze function. It allows you to keep frozen products for a longer period without harming their quality. This is achieved by very fast and uniform freezing of products at a temperature of -25 ... -38 ° C. At the same time, the products are not covered with an ice crust and do not freeze to the walls of the freezer, and with further defrosting they do not give juice. This means that they practically do not lose vitamins, taste and nutritional qualities, natural color. Rapid freezing also prevents the temperature of food already stored in the freezer from rising.

A premium-class refrigerator AEG-Electrolux S 86378 KG with a "quick freeze" function costs about 43,000 rubles, and a middle-class model Ariston MBA 45 D1 NFE costs about 29,000 rubles.

Ice, water and wine

The constant availability of clean drinking water in the house is the need of any modern man living in a large metropolitan area. Recent research in this area has prompted Electrolux specialists to create new models of a modern refrigerator that can provide its owner with a clean drinking water, and both regular and carbonated and ice. Refrigerators Source and Glacier have been designed to be a perfect match. They can be installed side by side, offering water and ice through door dispensers.

The new refrigerator called Source is an inexhaustible source clean water which can be used for both drinking and cooking. To get water, simply place a glass or other container directly under the dispenser and lightly press the button.

A compact ice making and dispensing device is built into the door of the Glacier refrigerator. Special technology prevents ice cubes from sticking together, and thanks to Frost-free technology, the owner of the Glacier refrigerator does not have to spend time defrosting - he can devote more time to other household chores.

Chilled drinks are always at hand and with the owners of new Hotpoint-Ariston refrigerators. Now they do not have to open the refrigerator door in order to get a bottle of chilled wine. The new Hotpoint-Ariston MBZE 45 NF BAR/HA double-chamber refrigerator with energy class A features a mini-bar on the door, which until now could only be found in Side-by-Side refrigerators. The refrigerator is spacious (the volume of the refrigerator and freezer is 280 and 118 liters, respectively), its No Frost system will save the owner from the grueling obligation to manually defrost. The freezer can freeze up to 14 kg of food per day, and in the event of a power outage, keep it cold for 21 hours.

The fact that in the world market, for a number of reasons, there are suppliers of goods that are more competitive than domestic producers. Increasing role 3. Increasing the role of customs duties in regulating the import of goods into the Russian Federation Customs duty as an economic category appeared at the stage of the exchange of labor results between individual state entities, i.e. a little later...

Household electrical appliances for storing refrigerated and frozen foods include refrigerators and freezers. Household refrigerators are designed for storing fresh and frozen food and making small amounts of edible ice.

Refrigerators used to freeze food and store it for a long time are called freezers. These devices can be used for making food ice, cooling and dispensing drinks, quick freezing of foodstuffs in order to reduce their losses, for freezing and storing frozen ready meals, convenience foods, vegetable mixes, etc.

Refrigerator classification:

By appointment: refrigerators, freezers, refrigerator-freezers.

According to the installation method: floor type cabinet, floor type table, built-in.

According to the number of chambers: 1, 2 and 3 chambers.

According to the degree of comfort: ordinary and superior.

According to the evaporator defrosting method: refrigerators with natural evaporator defrosting, semi-automatic and automatic.

In terms of temperature: in the low-temperature compartment (LTO) no higher than -6 ° C, you can store food for no more than a week; with a temperature not higher than 12 ° C, frozen foods can be stored from two weeks to a month; with a temperature not higher than 18 ° C, from 3 months of storage to a year; freezer.

According to the method of producing cold, refrigerators are divided into compression, absorption, thermoelectric.

1) Compression refrigerators occupy 90% of the refrigerator market. There are one-, two-, and multi-chamber. Such refrigerators are produced combined, such as refrigerators-freezers. In a compression refrigerator, the refrigerant is:

a) freon 12 ("Sviyaga") freezer temperature -6 ° C;

b) freon-701, the temperature is -12-18°C freezer.

They have a large freezer volume, the volume of the cold chamber is 120-450 dm 3 , they consume a small amount of energy.

Ergonomic properties- ease of use, degree of comfort, the strength of shelves, pallets, dimensions, light and sound alarms matter.

Aesthetic properties of the refrigerator- this is a color scheme, the proportionality of the forms of the refrigerator, the location of the chambers, the expressiveness of brand names.

The range of refrigerators entering the trade includes a large number of models of different designs, from various manufacturers: Atlanta (Belarus), Stinol, Nord, Biryusa (Russia), Arston (Italy), etc.

2) Absorption refrigerators- refrigerant is ammonia, which is heated by electric current or gas.

Absorption refrigerators are simple in design, silent, but have disadvantages: small volumes of food storage, high energy consumption. The capacity is 80-300 dm3. The range is represented by domestic models "Hoarfrost", "Morozko", as well as more expensive imported "Electrolux" (Sweden), etc.

A negative feature - there is no thermostat, no time relay, they consume a lot of energy.

3) Thermoelectric refrigerators- there is no refrigerant. Its role is played by an electric current. They are more secure. The heat is removed and removed to the outside by a thermopile. The refrigerator does not freeze, but cools. The temperature is from +3 to +8c. The range of Russian-made refrigerators includes such brands as Chaika, Voronezh, Krokha, etc.

quality requirements.

Refrigerators in terms of technical and operational indicators must comply with the requirements of the standard. Household refrigerators must provide the necessary temperature in the refrigerator compartment and the low-temperature compartment. The noise level should not exceed 45 dB at a distance of 1 m from the case. Refrigerators should be stored in packed form in enclosed spaces with natural ventilation at a relative humidity of not more than 80%.

Refrigerators are transported in the working position (vertically), securely fastened to prevent possible shocks and movements inside the vehicle.

They have a warranty period of 2-3 years.

The classification of refrigeration units is carried out taking into account the scope, principle of operation, design, number of chambers, etc., which requires a different approach during the repair of refrigerators.

The most diverse models of refrigerators and freezers, both domestic and foreign, according to their scope, are divided into domestic and industrial.

Types and types of household refrigerators

All household refrigerators are manufactured in accordance with GOST 16317-87 and technical requirements EU.

According to the principle of action and getting cold, they are:

• compressor,
• absorption,
• thermoelectric,
• steam jet.

Currently, most household refrigerators (both domestic and imported) are made of the compressor type.

The advantage of compressor refrigerators lies in the cost-effectiveness of their production, safety and reliability in operation. Besides refrigerator repair of this type is quite simple and inexpensive.

The use of freon or isobutane as a refrigerant in compressor refrigeration units is also an advantage compared to absorption refrigerators that use ammonia refrigerant. Due to the negative impact on human health and the environment, absorption-type refrigerators are almost never produced.

Household refrigerators intended for storage and / or freezing of products are divided into two types according to their design:

• closet,
• table.

By number of cameras:

• single-chamber,
• two-chamber,
• three-chamber.

Single-chamber refrigerators can be with or without a low-temperature compartment (LTO). The temperature in the NTO is:

• not higher than -6 ? C (marking - one asterisk);
• not higher than -12 ? C (two stars);
• not higher than -18 ? C (three stars).

Freezers have a designation (special marking) on ​​the door - one large asterisk and three small ones.

Types of freezers

There are two types of freezers in their design: horizontal and vertical.

Horizontal freezers, having a rectangular shape and opening from the top, are quite roomy. They are economical, with good thermal insulation, which allows them to keep cold for a long time in the event of a power failure.

The vertical design of the freezer is made in the form of a cabinet with drawers and shelves. Such models are both small-sized (65 cm high), and two meters or in combination with refrigerators of the “side by side” type.

The class of the installation, which characterizes the main function of the freezer - the freezing time and the duration of the preservation of products, is indicated by the number of stars:

• in a freezer with one star, products can be stored at t? -12 ?C (up to 7 days);
• with two asterisks - at t? -12 ?C (up to 30 days);
• with three asterisks - at t? -18 ?C (up to 90 days);
• with four stars - at t? below -18 ?C (6-12 months).

Freezers come with mechanical and electrical controls. The panels are equipped with temperature controllers and various color indicators.

Freezers have different defrosting modes: manual, automatic, No Frost system.

Like refrigerators, freezers are classified according to their ability to operate normally at various maximum ambient temperatures. To do this, they are designated by the corresponding letters:

• N, SN - not higher than +32 ?C;
• ST- not higher than +38? C;
• T- not higher than +43 ?C.

There are differences in the operational parameters of refrigeration units, such as:

• the total volume of the refrigerating chamber;
• useful volume;
• the total area of ​​the chamber shelves, the NTO and the door panel.

The classification of devices of this group and the definition of types characterizing the functions performed by the product are given in GOST 30204-95, GOST 16317-87. The standard name of the group is "Household electrical refrigeration appliances".

Refrigeration appliances are divided according to their purpose into:

• - fridge. This is a thermally insulated cabinet of the appropriate volume with equipment, cooled by one or more refrigeration units and having one or more food storage compartments, at least one of which can store fresh food;
• - freezer. Thermally insulated cabinet with one or more freezer compartments designed for freezing (from 32…25°С to -18°С depending on the climatic version of the device) and food storage; refrigerator household consumer trade
• - household refrigerator with freezer compartment. An electrical appliance that has one or more compartments for storing fresh food and one compartment for freezing and storing frozen food at a temperature of -18 ° C and below;
• - a chamber for storing frozen foods. An electrical appliance in which one or more compartments are provided, and the temperature of the products placed in them is equal to or lower than -18 ° C.

According to the method of obtaining cold on:

• - compression;
• - absorption-diffusion;
• - thermoelectric.

By installation method:

• - floor vertical type "cabinet". Access to the compartments of the refrigeration appliance is carried out from the front side;
• - horizontal type "chest". Access to the refrigerator is from above.

The main advantages of horizontal freezers are a large usable volume and the invariance of the temperature regime when extracting the next portion of products. With a horizontal version of the refrigeration appliance, as a result of natural temperature stratification, the most cold air is below.

By the number of cameras on:

• - single-chamber;
• - two-chamber;
• - three-chamber;
• - multi-chamber.

The refrigeration appliance chamber is an isolated interior space of the appliance with a separate outer door and cooling elements.

According to the ability to work at maximum ambient temperatures:

• - SN, N (at a temperature not exceeding 32 °C);
• - ST (temperature must not exceed 38 °C);
• - T (at a maximum temperature not exceeding 43 ° C).

Refrigerators vary:

By the presence of a low-temperature compartment (LTO) with LTO and without LTO.

By temperature in NTO:

• - with a temperature not higher than -6 C (marked with one asterisk *);
• - temperature not higher than -12 C (marked with two asterisks**);
• - temperature not higher than -18 C (marked with three asterisks***).

The chambers of refrigeration appliances are divided by purpose into:

• - chamber for storing fresh vegetables and fruits Fresh Food Storage Compartment;
• - a refrigerator for cooling and storing refrigerated products Refrigerator;
• - low-temperature chamber for storage of frozen products Frozen Food Storage Cabinet;
• - a freezer for freezing and storing frozen food Freezer, on the door of which the symbol **** is applied;
• - a universal chamber for storing food in fresh, chilled or frozen states.

Depending on the functions performed, refrigeration appliances are divided into complexity groups (0 ... 5). Complexity groups are determined by the functions performed by the refrigeration appliance and their design features:

• - temperature in the NTO;
• - defrosting products with a special device;
• - automatic or semi-automatic evaporator defrosting;
• - the presence of alarms, etc.

According to the features of equipping with comfort elements, refrigerators with ordinary and superior comfort are produced. The set of comfort elements in the models of the modern assortment is very diverse, so it is quite difficult to determine which model is more comfortable.

The nomenclature of the minimum necessary comfort elements includes automatic temperature control; device for making and issuing ice cubes; automatic defrosting of the refrigerator compartment evaporator; oil heating device; device for dispensing chilled drinks; the possibility of re-hanging the door for left-hand and right-hand opening; movement of the device on the floor with the help of roller supports; the possibility of rearranging the shelves in the refrigerator chamber or in its individual sections with an interval of no more than 50 mm; extension of the loaded shelf to a distance of at least 50% of its depth with fixation with a special element; light and sound signaling of operating modes; the presence of an opening angle limiter or a shock absorber that prevents the refrigerator from hitting the wall; door open alarm for more than 30s; the presence of a serving or installation plane, etc.

Non-standard features of the classification of refrigeration appliances that are relevant in the formation of the range include:

The location of the cameras with more than two:

• - upper and lower;
• - side;
• - mixed.

Number of compressors:

• - one;
• - two.

The number of "degrees of freedom" or the number of products combined in a single unit with a refrigerator:

• - fridge;
• - freezer;
• - microwave sublimator;
• - thermostat for storing vegetables;
• - cabinet for drying fruit;
• - defroster (the set may be different).

Evaporator defrosting method:

• - automatic (thawing of the snow cover on the surface of the evaporator of the chamber with a positive temperature during the shutdown of the refrigeration unit);
• - semi-automatic active defrosting (switching on heating element for defrosting NTO);
• - natural;
• - without snow cover freezing - No Frost based on forced air circulation system;
• - combined.

In refrigerators with semi-automatic defrosting, there is a corresponding marking on the HTO door.

Installation and operation method:

• - free-standing stationary;
• - built-in;
• - block-embedded;
• - portable.

Source of power:

• - from an alternating current source;
• - from an independent power source.

Gross volume.

When classifying refrigerators, the material of the shelves is taken into account; color graphic solution for the exterior design and internal elements of the refrigeration appliance; trademark; energy efficiency classes of devices; environmental properties of the refrigerant and other features.

By design and principle of operation, refrigerators of compression and absorption-diffusion types have much in common and are based on the removal of heat from the interior of the cabinet, where a low temperature has been established, to an environment with a higher temperature.

Structurally, the refrigerator includes a cabinet and a refrigeration unit.

On the commodity market, the range of refrigerator models is conditionally divided into “Asian” (low wide (more than 600 mm) models with rounded shapes and the location of the freezer at the top), typically “American” (a large-volume side by side refrigerator with freezer and refrigerator doors located side by side and interlocking sides) and "European".

"European" is recognized as a tall and narrow refrigerator with a freezer at the bottom. This layout is more rational - the device occupies a smaller area, the consumer uses the freezer compartment less often; warm, moist air is less likely to enter the freezer. The "American" models are characterized by the presence of a device for dispensing chilled drinks.

A useful element in the equipment of refrigeration appliances is the presence of a cold accumulator, which allows maintaining a steady temperature during a power outage for 9-24 hours. Cold accumulators can be used independently of the refrigerator.

The design of modern refrigeration appliances is determined both by changing consumer fashion ideas and new technical solutions that change the appearance of appliances. In refrigerators with a wide frontal surface, in order not to completely open the inner chamber, doors with vertical and horizontal division into two parts are used.

At present, as well as a few years ago, the trends in the displacement of clear rectangular shapes continue in the design. Models are produced with smooth rounded shapes, with in-depth original hand grips on the front surface of the door in the form of tulip petals with shiny edging.

Italian manufacturers represent the most unexpected decisions. This is the design of the Marine series (traditional shelves are replaced by shelves stylized as fishing nets); multi-color panels on the front panels with stars or the sun glowing in the dark. Nostalgie or Old Timer styles (60s style) are in fashion: a rounded top, a “pot-bellied” door, an old-fashioned metal handle similar to a car; product color - any, except white. At color solution models, the theory is taken into account, according to which, through the human subconscious, yellow, red, beige colors increase appetite, and black, green, gray, on the contrary, reduce it. There are models whose color is focused on the temperament of a person. The design in Hi-tech style, or modern, offers a front surface finish or the execution of the entire outer cabinet in stainless steel or 21st century material.

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