The main characteristics of the narcotization of society. Characteristics of social diseases (drug addiction, tobacco smoking, alcoholism, tobacco smoking, substance abuse)

Ministry of Education Russian Federation

Ulyanovsk State Technical University

Faculty of Humanities

Department of Political Science, Sociology and Public Relations

Essay on sociology on the topic "Social and psychological causes of drug addiction in society"

Completed by: Shakirova L.

Checked by: Shinyaeva O.V.

Ulyanovsk 2009

Introduction

1. Narcotization is one of the most important social problems.

2. Social causes of drug addiction.

2.1 Macro-social level

2.2 Microsocial level

3. Psychological reasons.

Conclusion.

Bibliography:

Introduction

Narcotization is one of the most acute problems of modern society, as evidenced by statistics. The number of drug addicts in Russia, according to various estimates, ranges from 3 to 8 million people. Such data were provided by the head of the department of interdepartmental interaction in the field of prevention of the Federal Service for Control over Turnover drugs(FSKN) of Russia B. Tselinsky.

The consequences of drug addiction in society are devastating. Drugs can undermine the fundamental foundations of human security, society and the state, destroy the national gene pool (the main factor in the supermortality of Russians is the high level of alcohol, tobacco and drug consumption), moral, social, political, economic foundations, cause man-made accidents and disasters, military conflicts. Consequently, drug addiction is a problem for the entire world community.

Modern scientists develop explanations for the emergence of drug addiction in sufficient detail and distinguish 4 main directions, 4 groups of drug addiction factors; sociological, including the influence of society and family, biological, explaining the propensity to abuse the characteristics of the body and a special predisposition, psychological (or mental), considering the characteristics and deviations in the psyche, and cultural aspects of drug addiction, since the influence of a certain cultural tradition of drug use makes it possible to explain motives that cannot be explained by the three listed factors.

The goal is to consider drug addiction as a social problem, to identify the social and psychological reasons for its widespread spread.

1. Consider drug addiction as an acute social problem

2. Among the factors that cause the drug addiction of society, consider separately the social and psychological aspects.

3. Consider the family as the determining factor among the social causes of drug addiction.

1. NarcotizationI -one of the most important socialproblems

Narcotization of society is one of the most acute problems not only in Russia, but also in the world community. Its problem requires a comprehensive consideration, which should take into account all the mechanisms: social, biological, cultural. Of course, new in the research of drug addiction problems is its consideration as a form of deviant behavior that determines the specific lifestyle of a drug addict. Unfortunately, drug addiction itself is becoming an element of the modern way of life in our country.

In the last decade, the drug situation in Russia has sharply worsened due to serious changes in the cause-and-effect relationships that are characteristic of the drug addiction process. It is known that the statistics of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, and other ministries and departments do not reflect the real state of affairs when it comes to such a latent phenomenon as drug addiction. According to the Ministry of Health, at the end of 1999 there were 300,000 drug addicts on medical records. According to WHO standards, on average every 50th drug addict becomes registered. According to the same data, if the proportion of drug addicts in the structure of the population is 7 percent or more, then irreversible processes of degeneration of the population and the decomposition of all social structures are taking place in this country. Drug culture begins to reproduce within its own framework. According to experts, the number of drug addicts in Russia has crossed 7 percent and is more than 10 million people.

The methodology for studying the characteristics of the spread of drug addiction in Russia, based on the results of state statistics, made it possible to identify the centers of the spread of drug addiction and substance abuse and show the originality of the situation in individual regions. In Russia, there are 24 regions of increased drug danger, where the corresponding indicators exceed the national average (the incidence rate is 19.2 per 100,000 population). The highest rates were noted in the Tomsk region (80.1), Tyumen (61), Irkutsk (58.9), the Republic of Tuva (50.9), as well as in the Krasnodar, Primorsky Territories and Kaliningrad. The increase in the prevalence of drug addiction is typical for both urban and rural populations, but in cities the problem of drug addiction is more acute than in the countryside. Over the past five years, the incidence of drug addiction has increased in the city by 6.7 times, and in the countryside - by 3.4 times. Drugs today have established distribution channels that are different from those of the past. The reason - in the changed motives of consumption and greater openness between countries. The main motive today is the search for euphoria, the nature of which is determined by cultural and social factors.

Modern society is extremely interested in finding optimal and intensive forms of effective overcoming of drug addiction. Narcotization of the population jeopardizes the implementation of national projects in various areas - in health care, social, youth, demographic areas, in general, the national security of the country. In addition, drug addiction is not only dangerous from a social point of view, as a factor in the marginalization of certain groups and categories of citizens, but also as one of the leading causes of common crime.

A new source of replenishment of the number of drug addicts has been revealed - the marginal layers of modern Russian society. One of the most common characteristics of parental families of drug users before 1992 was the low material and educational level of the parents. At present, there is a significant proportion of adolescents among drug users who have parents with incomplete and completed higher education, their drug addiction is caused not so much by their own lack of adaptation, but by the social maladjustment of their parents. They become addicted to drugs as children of parents who have lost their social status (having higher education and having no job and, accordingly, earnings), as well as children of parents who have acquired a fundamentally new social status (the level of education is low, material security is high). Thus, an important factor of inclusion in drug use is belonging to the marginalized strata of society. But it is not the outcasts themselves who are addicted to drugs, but their children. Features of modern socio-economic processes in Russia contribute to the intensive development of marginality and, accordingly, an increase in drug addiction.

Since 1996, a new situation has arisen in the spread of drug addiction: epidemic HIV infection of drug users through needles, syringes and contaminated solutions of drugs, and through them infection of the healthy part of the population (90 percent of these are people who inject homemade drugs intravenously).

The social danger of narcotization also lies in the fact that there is a decrease in the age limit of the onset of narcotization to eleven - thirteen years, at the same time, the first acquaintance with household chemicals is noted at seven - nine years. The fact that adolescents socialize in a group of peers often turns out to be a decisive factor in the dissemination of information, fashion, norms of behavior, ways of self-affirmation. In children and adolescents, the leading one, unlike adults, is a group motive - following the group's mode of action, obeying fashion. Therefore, group dependence and mutual influence is one of the significant reasons for the spread of interest in drugs.

Another trend is the change in drug distribution patterns. Previously, drugs were concentrated in the lower social strata. Currently, the process of drug addiction goes from the more wealthy to the less wealthy. This exacerbates the criminal situation and leads to increased social danger. The youth of all social strata is involved in drug addiction. Among adolescents, a subculture of preference for drugs over traditional alcohol consumption is being formed. The danger of drugs for the health of the younger generation should be considered in two aspects: the consequences of both a single (sometimes accidental) and their systematic use.

The first, however unexpected, presents a more serious problem. There are many more drug users than second drug users, but because of them, the risk of the dangerous consequences of primary anesthesia increases. Some die before they become drug addicts, sometimes at the first injection. The tragedy of these episodes lies in the fact that it is not drug addicts who die, but young people. healthy people due to overdose.

The use of drugs that are expensive for adolescents indicates their involvement in criminal structures.

Substance abuse contributes to the spread of sexual perversion in society. This damage has not yet been truly assessed, just as the impact of drug use on the growth of crime has not yet been assessed. It follows from the stories of the majority of respondents - lovers of basement and attic companies - that, for example, the loss of social ties and the lack of sources of income turns some drug users into passive homosexuals in order to earn money for drugs.

The relationship between crime and drug addiction. The number of crimes related to drug trafficking, on average in the country, doubles every year for almost the entire set of acts provided for by the articles of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The growth of registered crime does not give an idea of the entire array of crimes committed in the field of drug trafficking. The vast majority of them remain latent; only every third criminal act and every seventh of the acts committed for the purpose of sale are reflected in the statistics.

According to our research, there has been a tendency to change the ratio of the number of those convicted for crimes in the field of drug trafficking and the number of those convicted for other crimes. Among crimes related to drug trafficking, there is a high proportion of perpetrators of group crimes. Recidivism among drug addicts significantly exceeds the level of general recidivism. Recidivist drug addicts are one of the youngest age groups. Repeated convictions are most often associated with drug-addicted crimes, primarily with the sale of drugs. It is established that one distributor serves 18-20 consumers. On the other hand, the proselytism of drug addicts is known. Each drug addict is estimated to "infect" six to ten people. Most drug users commit some form of illegal drug trafficking.

Drug addicts who have a criminal record for drug dealing have a higher educational level than the average criminal. The proportion of persons with secondary specialized, incomplete higher and higher education is twice as high as in the group with convictions for other crimes.

Given the latency of drug trafficking, the prognosis for this type of crime is unfavorable: drug trafficking will increase. Its main consequence is the growth of drug addiction.

An indicator of the growth of drug addiction in society is the increase in the proportion of women who use drugs. The incidence rate of women, exceeding the average, was recorded in 23 regions of Russia. The proportion of female drug addicts ranges from 12 to 30 percent. In the late 1980s, this figure ranged from 2 to 7 percent. The ratio between women and men is 1:7. There has been a sharp increase in the number of women who are diagnosed with drug addiction for the first time. There is an increase in female crime associated with drug use, severe forms of drug addiction with pronounced medical and social consequences predominate. Drug addiction is more common among young women under thirty years of age. According to many characteristics, women from thirty to forty-five years old also adjoin this group.

At the heart of women's drug addiction lies a deformation of a pathological and social nature, the cause and effect of which is the depreciation of life. The originality of the reasons for introducing women to drugs is revealed.

In many cases, women's drug use is a means of adaptation to living conditions. The voluntary inclusion of women in drug use in order to maintain intimate relationships with a drug addict partner can be considered a kind of adaptation option. In connection with the growth of female drug addiction, the problem of the offspring of drug addicts is also becoming more acute. The future of children will turn into their mental illness. The social consequences of the birth and upbringing of such children will be a decrease in the intellectual, moral and economic potential of society, which, in turn, will lead to new demographic problems.

A feature of drug addiction in the Russian population in recent years is an increase in the proportion of middle-aged and older women who use narcotic and narcotic substances. One of the reasons for the fascination with tranquilizers and sleeping pills has become widespread in those groups that, in public opinion, have nothing to do with drug addiction.

The problem of drug addiction in the older age groups is currently no less relevant than in the youth, and requires close attention of researchers.

Retired drug addicts. Of course, a new and alarming trend is drug use at the age of "reverse development" (post-retirement age), which is more common among women. It usually takes place in solitude, is secondary to pre-existing age-related disorders and associated social problems. The main motive for drug addiction in this case is the need to improve one's mental state, to relieve discomfort associated with deteriorating health. The onset of drug addiction for men and women is a slowly developing process, which later includes the use of illegal drugs (psychedelics, stimulants) purchased on the black market.

Addictive behavior of people, defined as the desire to escape from reality, is a new and very serious problem. Due to uncertainty about the future, many will seek to change their situation by transforming their mental state, trying to help themselves artificially, applying medications. Since the number of drug addicts will definitely grow, preventive work becomes especially important, the purpose of which should be to provide socio-psychological assistance to all age and sex groups.

A direct connection was found between involvement in drug addiction and the acquisition of a fundamentally new social status for our society - work in the commercial sphere as a hired person or private owner. At present, that part of our society with which it pins hopes for reforming the country is in the high-risk group.

Thus, the modern drug situation is characterized by a rapid growth in the number of users, the expansion of the geography of child drug addiction, a change in the structure of drug consumption (switching to the so-called hard drugs), the persistence of a high proportion of the consumption of various synthetic substances, and an active process of drug trafficking.

A feature of the situation is the growing dynamics of the spread of drug addiction among young people, giving drugs the status of a sociocultural phenomenon with a special form of subculture. Each region has its own narcotic subculture, its own technology of preparation and consumption of drugs dominates.

2. Social causes of drug addiction

All the variety of social conditions that create conditions for drug addiction can be represented as three levels of causal complexes: macrosocial and microsocial.

2.1 Macrosocial level

Macro-social level: the depth of the socio-economic and political crisis in the country or region with rising inflation, unemployment, non-payments, strikes, population migration, homelessness; imperfection of legislation, violations of the Constitution, use of certain articles of legislation (“legal stereotypes”); change of ideology and de-ideologization, the predominance of an "eclectic" picture of the world, a blurred worldview concept in the country, dehumanization of public relations; loss of public confidence in the leadership of the country, region, even institutions, alienation of the goals of the leadership and the population, impoverishment of the people; local wars, terrorism, rampant crime, protracted conflicts, a sense of insecurity from them, the prevalence of post-traumatic and somatoform disorders among combatants, refugees and migrants, and destabilization among the indigenous population; "hysterodemonic renaissance" with an increase in the number of totalitarian and destructive sects and asocial ideologies and "primitive" religiosity; urbanization and globalization of life, the prevalence of social stressful situations at work; uncertainty and instability in the present and future; the growth of crime and corruption, prostitution, slavery, suicides, antisocial and immoral behavior; the growth of nationalism and separatism, the aggravation of interethnic contradictions, including national cultures and religions; aggravation of contradictions between social groups, a growing gap between different segments of the population (rich and poor; drugs for the rich and drugs for the poor, etc.), absence (blurring) of the middle class; devaluation of traditional national, moral and ethical values, inaccessibility and substitution of "high" culture for mass culture, destruction of the material base of leisure and sports; mass media pressure to destroy the ideology, value system, national culture and way of life; the lack of a state position on anti-alcohol anti-drug policy; mythologization of the collective consciousness in relation to psychoactive substances, tolerant attitude towards smoking, drunkenness, a number of psychostimulants, their "open" propaganda; the ineffective and helpless anti-alcohol and anti-drug policy of the state, its one-sided tilt towards medicine, the collapse of the narcological service and its low funding; aggressive pressure with the connivance of the state and society to the expanded production and promotion of alcoholic and beer drinks and even illegal drugs.

2.2 Microsocial level

Microsocial level: distortion and violation of the structure and functions of the family, low educational, pedagogical and cultural level of parents, negative psychological climate and alienation in the family, lack of state assistance in raising children, pedagogical and social neglect in the presence of a family, weak social control and low legal culture families and control by society and the state; an atmosphere of tolerance for the use of psychoactive substances in the family by its members, as well as by children and adolescents, drinking traditions in the parental and grandparental families, the indifferent attitude of the inner circle to the drug addiction and alcoholization of adolescents, alcohol and nicotine stereotypes in everyday communication and pastime; tolerance for asocial groups in the family, at school, to "fashionable" forms of pastime in combination with alcoholism and drug addiction, including school holidays and youth recreational activities; neglect of work and study, delinquency, microsocial passivity and lack of obligations in the family and school, conformal and passive behavior, inconsistency in relationships between the family, school, youth organizations and groups, violations of socialization and difficulties in adapting to a new socio-economic environment; disproportions and imbalance of male and female labor, difficulties in creating a family due to the disproportion in the position of women and men in the family and society.

2.3 Family

As a rule, it is problems in the family that push a person into the "risk group" and create the ground for turning to drugs. Psychologists have long proven that an incomplete family in itself gives rise to developmental pathologies. Children with one parent most often have communication difficulties, such children should receive a "triple dose" of attention and love. There are concepts of "family deficit" and "social hunger" when a child grows up without attention and care, without the necessary communication, which is often the reason for turning to alcohol and drugs during growing up.

Lack of harmony in a complete family is also a risk factor. In a family where they cannot avoid conflicts, where one of the family members is oppressed, suppressed, where parents have constant "secrets" and distrust towards each other and towards children, where the child is isolated from others, from peers, where there is low material and cultural level, beating and psychological abuse of children, violence between parents. Such children have a feeling of loneliness, boredom, envy of peers, anxiety, depression, fears or aggressiveness, deceit, pugnacity associated with the experience of loneliness, emptiness, uselessness are easily born. Beaten children have a tendency to destruction and protest, low self-control, weakness of cognitive interests, unwillingness to work. All this, in the event of a meeting with a drug, makes them unable to resist being drawn in, while children who have not endured stress, received a positive charge in the family, self-confidence, even after trying the drug, can refuse to further use it, satisfying their curiosity. . Children with a burden of adverse life events are characterized by low self-esteem, inferiority complexes, experience a sense of revenge and hatred for parents and teachers who do not want to understand them. Unable to explain the bad attitude towards themselves, they turn to alcohol, drugs, suicide attempts. According to an anonymous survey in one of the schools, at the age of 16-17, 62% of children drink, 22% smoke and 8% use drugs. Rejection, coldness, lack of warmth and affection on the part of parents first traumatize the child, and then harden him, push him to a "different life", to another society where he will be understood, accepted, where he will not be condemned.

Even in prosperous families, parents are often unable to provide entertainment for the child, he needs not only to take care of food, health and study, but no less, and even more, to organize his free time, to maintain interest in the world around him. It is known that the higher the cultural level of the family, the more interesting and calmer the child is at home, the later he leaves the influence of adults, the more he trusts the life values of his parents, the less often he falls under the power of momentary impressions and entertainment offered to him "on the street". ", the less influenced by fashion.

Hyper-custody, the other extreme of upbringing, forces the child to "rescue himself" from his parents "on the street." This is excessive attention, constant supervision, denial of independence to the child, the desire to raise his own copy. Superconcern becomes a burden for a maturing person, he seeks to "throw off the shackles", which leads to the same results: to an effort to get away from the control of his parents, for which he deliberately goes into conflict, defiantly opposing his new "asocial" image to the model that imposes on him caring family. When interviewing English college students about the reasons for using drugs, one young man stated that every aspect of his life was controlled and manipulated by adults, and he began to use drugs, as it was one of the few areas of his life where, as he believed, he had full the control. In this case, the reason for the use is a feeling of anarchy over one's own decisions and actions.

Another of the fruits of overprotection is the infantilism of a growing person, his protracted "childishness", unpreparedness for life's difficulties, inability to independently resolve issues. Such a child easily falls under the influence of more experienced friends, it is easy to persuade him to try a drug or incite him to any hooligan trick, since such a "greenhouse plant" has not developed an antidote against bad influences.

"The idol of the family", the object of universal admiration and worship, the only child of numerous relatives. He is accustomed to permissiveness, unlimited power over relatives who will not punish, and ultimately - contempt for them, and at the same time for teachers and peers. Idols, accustomed to being the object of universal admiration, are often demonstrative, any eccentric trick and any shocking act is good for them, which is what alcohol and drug use seem to them in their youth.

All of the above does not mean that drug use is the result of depressive states that are characteristic of adolescents with developmental difficulties and creative natures. The motives for drug use often do not depend on the individual and his mental predisposition. An encounter with drugs can be accidental, in a certain situation, caused by temporary needs, for example, "trying" in the company of peers for cognitive purposes, which will lead to a paradoxical conclusion: trying drugs in youth is not a manifestation of a deviation, but rather a normal behavior. One of the leading researchers of drug addiction I. N. Pyatnitskaya concludes that a teenager's step towards drugs is a manifestation of an exploratory reaction characteristic of their age. Adolescents are interested in the possibilities of their consciousness, obtaining new, unexplored sensory experience, unprecedented impressions, sexual experience, they strive to know the world, "try everything in life", to feel their usefulness in the company of their peers, independence in decision-making, solidarity with peers.

The task of the family is to educate a harmonious personality, not subject to socially negative phenomena.

3. Psychologicalcauses

Among the psychological factors influencing the narcotization of society, the following can be distinguished: Personal immaturity in family and social life, a narrow circle of interests, asocial hobbies, low spiritual demands, stereotyped behavior; uncertainty of professional orientation, lack of socially significant attitudes; lack of social motivations, loss of prospects for professional and personal growth; consumer attitude to life, stereotyped approaches and solutions; hedonistic attitude to life and needs; exposure to advertising, the imposition of a consumer attitude to personal requests, imitation; inability to resist momentary pleasures, the influence of peers, groups; imbalance, irascibility, resentment, capriciousness, selfishness, emotional lability; poor digestibility and development of moral feelings and categories; inadequate self-esteem and weak self - concept, immature mechanisms psychological protection; inability to resist group pressure, dependence on the opinions of peers; assimilation of stereotypes of PAS consumption, excessive curiosity towards them, ignorance of the harm of PAS, primarily alcoholic beverages, drugs, maintenance of these stereotypes in the family, at school, in the group

Emotional disorders, depressions, the need to align the mood become a favorable reason to try drugs. The ability of sedative (sedative) and psychedelic drugs to relieve anxiety, depression, tension, irritability encourages their use as a remedy for depression. In its severe forms, drug use becomes an expression of a desire for self-destruction by slow suicide. If at first the drug "works" as a remedy for depression, then after a very short time it itself becomes its source. The frequency of depression increases dramatically, especially in adolescence.

Psychologists and doctors can sketch a psychological portrait of the most common personality type of a drug addict, these are people who are sensitive, emotionally difficult to adapt and feel uncomfortable in society, difficult to cope with difficulties in life. They do not have stable and definite social interests, plans for the future and confidence in the future. These can be "subtle natures" who are acutely aware of the disharmony and hostility of the surrounding world, critical of universal authorities, opposing themselves to society, which they evaluate as a "crowd", prone to solitude and withdrawal into their own world. They may express a sense of shyness, a sense of their insufficiency, failure in society. Such people are looking for a more fulfilling existence in the drug. The search for special sensory impressions is especially characteristic of people of art. They want to expand their sensory capabilities, discover new meanings and properties of familiar things, change the world in which they exist, create a world "for themselves", to satisfy the needs of contemplation. People from the artistic and artistic milieu are especially keenly aware of their insecurity in society, the instability of their social position. Often, drug use causes early death of artists, artists and musicians. In addition to the poetic image of a drug addict we have drawn, there is another type: people with a low level of culture, inhabitants of the social lower classes. However, in all drug addicts, psychiatrists note the features of "social immaturity": weak self-control, inability to predict the situation, lack of a critical assessment of one's behavior, a feeling of permissiveness, contempt for traditional moral standards, hostility to the "prosperous" part of society, the desire to enjoy "in full ".

Adolescence, with its unstable self-esteem and emotional vulnerability, is the most convenient time for initiation to drugs. Teenagers also tend to perceive society as a hostile force. If a mentally healthy person reacts to stress with composure, activity, adapting to an extreme situation, in people with a weak and undermined psyche, stress turns into depression and neurotic behavior.

There is a mental predisposition of some people and a greater resistance of others to narcological diseases. High susceptibility to drugs lies in the individual characteristics of the human psyche. Individuals with congenital or acquired as a result of serious illnesses special sensitivity to drugs, as well as those whose individual character traits are extremely enhanced, are subject to alcoholism or drug addiction. These are the so-called character accentuations. There are about a dozen of them, and for each of them there is a critical age at which character traits are sharpened. The most threatening in relation to alcoholism and drug addiction are unstable, epileptoid, hysterical, hypo- and hyperthymic, conformal types.

The unstable type is characterized by a lack of moral core, a passion for thoughtless drinking parties and any other amusements.

The epileptoid type is characterized by a tendency to constant anger, hostility, and discontent. These are heavy people, often prone to aggression and sadism. After the first intoxication, they may have a desire to drink "until completely blacked out", the craving for once tried drugs becomes irresistible.

hysterical type. His main feature is an insatiable thirst for constant attention to himself, the need to be in the center. All actions are designed for the viewer, they must constantly arouse admiration in someone, impress the enchanted audience. They even agree to shock, outrage, infuriate, they can not stand only indifference. Such teenagers first get drunk and use drugs also for show, demonstrating dashing and endurance, contempt for moral standards, and use large doses.

Hyperthyms are merry fellows, the soul of society, these are people with a constantly good, high spirits, healthy appetite, sleep, increased emotional and sexual activity, a thirst for life and activity - restless, restless, tireless, leading the company. This is the reason for the frequent use of drugs and alcohol, leading to addiction.

Hypothymes are the opposite type, those whose mood and activity are constantly lowered. They also get drunk easily and get used to drugs, but for a different reason - they need to restore mental and physical comfort, and they do this with the help of drugs.

A conformal type is a type that blindly and thoughtlessly perceives the mode of existence of the group, the ideas of the leader of the group. Their main desire is to live, think and act "like everyone else." Once in a bad environment, they learn all its customs and habits. They are drawn into drug addiction "for the company."

The above types make up the main contingent of narcological reception patients. In a favorable environment, this predisposition may not be realized. The task of the family is to suppress this predisposition by reasonable methods in the process of educating the individual.

Conclusion

In modern Russia, the drug situation is exacerbated by such socio-economic factors as economic instability, a decline in the standard of living of most of the population, unemployment, lack of social guarantees, lack of faith in the protection of the authorities, criminalization of society, which generally characterizes a crisis in the ideological, economic and spiritual sphere. The number of child drug addiction forces us to draw the following conclusion: the predisposition to drug use is born in the family. As noted by B.M. Levin, the country is in a state of acutely pronounced anomie, which is understood as “a state of society in which there is no clear regulation of the behavior of individuals, there is a moral vacuum, when the old norms and values no longer correspond to new relations, and new ones have not yet developed” . At the same time, it should be noted that cardinal social changes, regardless of direction, always lead to an increase in the phenomena of deviant behavior, including the drug addiction of society. The social shift leads to the devaluation of traditional, moral and ethical values, developed skills and norms of individual or group behavior, communication, relationships, which exacerbates the phenomena of deviant behavior.

A member of society who uses drugs becomes not even an asocial person, but an antisocial one. The anti-drug policy of the state is not entirely effective, it is not able to stop the drug business, in which millions of dollars are spinning and thousands of people are dying.

Therefore, the task of the entire society is to develop the necessary measures to prevent and overcome socially negative phenomena. This overcoming must begin with the family, it is she who is the decisive force in the socialization of the individual.

Bibliography

1. M.Sh. Shakirov. Drug business in Russia. M., Tsentrpoligraf. 1998. P.46-50.

2. Soviet encyclopedic dictionary. Ch. ed. A.M. Prokhorov. 4th edition. M., Soviet Encyclopedia, 1989.

3. Addiction. Ed. A.N. Garansky. M., Binom, St. Petersburg, Nevsky dialect. 2002. P.25.

4. Malygin V.L., Ezhov I.V., Turevsky I.Ya. Individual psychological and social risk factors for the formation of addictive behavior. / Drug addiction and medical and social consequences: strategies for prevention and therapy / Sat. mat. international conf. Ed. V.D. Mendelevich. - Kazan, 2003.

5. Buyanov M.I. Thoughts on addiction. - M.: Enlightenment, 1990.

6. http://medline.narod.ru/reasons9.htm

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1. Narcotization is one of the most important social problems

A new source of replenishment of the number of drug addicts has been revealed - the marginal layers of modern Russian society. One of the most common characteristics of parental families of drug users before 1992 was the low material and educational level of the parents. At present, there is a significant proportion of adolescents among drug users who have parents with incomplete and completed higher education, their drug addiction is caused not so much by their own lack of adaptation, but by the social maladjustment of their parents. Both the children of parents who have lost their social status (having a higher education and not having a job and, accordingly, earnings) are involved in drugs, as well as children of parents who have acquired a fundamentally new social status (the level of education is low, material security is high). Thus, an important factor of inclusion in drug use is belonging to the marginalized strata of society. But it is not the outcasts themselves who are addicted to drugs, but their children. Features of modern socio-economic processes in Russia contribute to the intensive development of marginality and, accordingly, an increase in drug addiction.

The first, however unexpected, presents a more serious problem. There are many more drug users than second drug users, but because of them, the risk of the dangerous consequences of primary anesthesia increases. Some die before they become drug addicts, sometimes at the first injection. The tragedy of these episodes is that not drug addicts die, but young healthy people due to overdoses.

The use of drugs that are expensive for adolescents indicates their involvement in criminal structures.

Given the latency of drug trafficking, the prognosis for this type of crime is unfavorable: drug trafficking will increase. Its main consequence is the growth of drug addiction.

The problem of drug addiction in the older age groups is currently no less relevant than in the youth, and requires close attention of researchers.

Addictive behavior of people, defined as the desire to escape from reality, is a new and very serious problem. In connection with the uncertainty about the future, many will seek to change their situation by transforming their mental state, trying to help themselves artificially, using medications. Since the number of drug addicts will definitely grow, preventive work becomes especially important, the purpose of which should be to provide socio-psychological assistance to all age and sex groups.

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Kulinich Vladimir Nikolaevich Narcotization of society as a social phenomenon of modernity: 09.00.11 Kulinich, Vladimir Nikolaevich Narcotization of society as a social phenomenon of modernity (social-philosophical analysis): dis. ... cand. philosophy Sciences: 09.00.11 Moscow, 2006 219 p. RSL OD, 61:07-9/294

Introduction

Section 1. Narcotization of modern society and its essential aspects 17

Section 2. Typology, functions and specifics of the manifestation of drug addiction in modern society 75

Section 3. Priority areas of countering drug addiction in Russian society

Conclusion 178

References 189

Applications No. 1 - 4

Introduction to work

In recent years, the world community and Russia have faced a problem of unprecedented scale and consequences, which today is far not only from its solution, but also from adequate understanding - the rapid spread of drug addiction and the involvement of adolescents and young people in the sphere of drug use. Narcotization of society is an extremely negative social phenomenon that affects almost all aspects of the life of an individual and social groups and is expressed in the incidence of drug addiction and a combination of illegal acts aimed at violating social relations that protect significant human social values. In particular, today in Russian society about six million people use narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, of which 62.4% are people under the age of 30 years. The number of annually registered offenses related to illicit trafficking in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances does not decrease. In 2004 alone, more than 380,000 such offenses were registered, which is 22.5% more than in 2003.1 Today, drugs also have a negative impact on the development of the demographic situation in Russia. Due to the ever-increasing drug addiction, Russian society is losing a significant part of the potentially most active - in terms of the reproduction of the Russian population and the development of a free harmonious personality - citizens. Bad experience countries, the "ancestors" of the drug business and drug treatment of the younger generation, convincingly indicates that few of the drug addicts are experiencing a thirty-year milestone.

Society, the state, science were unable to respond decisively and effectively to the surge of drug addiction in our country. The efforts made today do not bring the desired result. It seems that the main reason for the unresolved nature of this problem is related to the specifics of drug addiction as a complex, multifaceted social phenomenon. The rapid spread of drugs is due to the presence of several groups of factors, the simultaneous impact of which creates unusually favorable conditions for the drug addiction of Russian society.

Thus, the narcotization of society is one of the main threats to the national security of Russia, a threat to the very existence of the state, and in terms of totality and the number of victims is much greater than terrorism, declared the plague of the 21st century.

More specifically, the relevance of the study is determined by the following circumstances.

Firstly, the increased scale of distribution and consumption of narcotic substances objectively singles out drug addiction today as one of the most serious threats to the security of the individual, society and the state. The modern drug business seeks to extend its influence to entire countries and regions.

Secondly, in terms of mass production, the specifics of distribution and methods of introduction into public life today, drug addiction is able to withstand almost all services of state and public protection of the individual, which, in turn, involves the involvement of an increasing number of people in this process, especially young people. Under these conditions, the urgent need is to develop the most effective measures to counter the drug addiction of the country's population.

Thirdly, the complexity and diversity of drug addiction - its symptoms, pathogenesis, individual and social consequences, criminogenicity, high economic profitability, dynamism and other factors - require in the current conditions a comprehensive rethinking of this phenomenon based on a systematic approach that involves in-depth research, in particular , organizational-legal and informational-logical models of combating this evil.

The stability of the statistical indicators of drug addiction gives grounds to present it as a probabilistic, multidimensional, heterogeneous social process, subject to certain statistical patterns, which implies the possibility of influencing this process by effectively managing the bodies involved in the fight against drug trafficking and drug addiction.

Fourthly, the rapid narcotization of society is primarily associated with slow economic growth, rising unemployment, deteriorating living conditions for people, their impoverishment, as well as the imposition of individualistic egoistic spiritual guidelines by the economically developed countries of the “golden billion”. This inevitably leads to the search for ways out of the current situation, distraction from everyday life problems and contributes to the widespread drug use among the population of the country, especially the weak in spiritually a large part of the youth.

Fifthly, a certain closeness, secrecy and mythologization of the very phenomenon of narcotization of society, which is expressed in insufficient scientific study of it as an integral social phenomenon, and in connection with this, the need for a socio-philosophical understanding of the essence, content, main forms of manifestation of narcotization and the development of priority areas countering its spread.

Sixth, the problem of narcotization of the modern armed forces of the country, which more and more affects the ranks of "people with weapons in their hands." Military collectives are relatively closed social structures (in which informing supervisory structures - commands - about interpersonal relations is traditionally condemned), their members have approximately the same age, gender and interests, which allows more or less active drug addicts to quickly find each other and potential drug users . The presence of a certain favorable environment for the drugging of army ranks creates a threat to the security of the country, the effectiveness of combat training tasks performed by military teams and requires the development and application of optimal lines of confrontation with a socially dangerous phenomenon.

Thus, the problem of studying the drug addiction of society on the example of modern Russia, its role in the ongoing processes of social life, the genesis and trends of modification, the manifestation of the essence, content, forms and functions is currently of particular importance.

The degree of scientific development of the problem. The problem of drug addiction in modern society is one of the actively studied problems by various sciences, which present their analysis of this phenomenon. But, unfortunately, in most works that try to consider the phenomenon of drug addiction in all its diversity and complexity, there are manifestations of tendentiousness and one-sidedness, depending on the professional affiliation of the researcher. However, different scientific settings and special areas of research have led to a clear differentiation of knowledge about this phenomenon. For example, political science explores various aspects of drug addiction as one of the main threats to Russia's national security1. Pedagogy considers the factors contributing to pedagogical prevention and anti-drug education of citizens2. Psychological science focuses on the study of the characteristics of the psyche of drug addicts and the effects of psychoactive substances on human consciousness3. Sociology studies the dynamics of drug addiction in society4. In economic science, the features of the spread of drug addiction from one sector of the drug market to another, as well as the reasons for the economic efficiency of drug distribution, are considered. In medicine, the features of drug addiction as a serious disease and methods of its treatment are studied.

An idea of the level of socio-philosophical analysis of drug addiction in modern Russian society can be drawn up on the basis of the available literature, which is conditionally divided into the following groups.

The first group consists of works that explore the essence of drug addiction as a phenomenon of social life. Among the numerous works of this group, it should be noted those studies that, depending on the clarification of the essence of this phenomenon, make it possible to single out the nature and main signs of drug addiction as a social phenomenon.

In particular, SV. Berezin, A.A. Gabiani, Ya.I. Gilinsky, K.S. Lisetsky focus on drug addiction, its impact on a person and society, the mechanism of emergence, development and influence of drug addiction on various parties life of modern society.

L.E. Balashov, SB. Belogurov, A.N. Garansky and others in their studies pay attention to the analysis of various aspects of the process of drug use by the risk group4.

The works of R.K. Balandina, I.V. Bestuzhev-Lada, D. Rashkoff and others5

Many modern researchers, in particular, A.N. Glinkin, Yu. Ivanich, N.E. Markov sees the drug addiction of society as a war against society, the embodiment of a drug promotion strategy implemented by the combined efforts of the drug business, the drug mafia and the drug lobby1.

Some authors (I.V. Isaev, A.V. Sukharev) tend to think that drug addiction is a grave social evil, an epidemic of vice, “an invasion of an all-devouring spiritual disease that is sweeping over modern humanity” . A similar point of view is shared by spiritual leaders. different religions: so, the Metropolitan of Tashkent and Central Asia Vladimir expressed the general opinion of the Russian Orthodox Church about the narcotization of society as an evil, a slow and painful murder, first of all, of young people3.

A number of specialists in the field of law (E.G. Gasanov, I.N. Kuznetsov, S.K. Kupreychik and others) consider drug addiction as a criminal activity that poses a danger to health and death of people, causing negative consequences that fall under criminal prosecution4 .

The second group includes works devoted to identifying the content of drug addiction in society, distinguishing features and forms of its manifestations, as well as substantiation of trends in the development of drug addiction in modern society. The most general approach is presented in the works of D. Solomzes, V. Cheburson, Yu.V. Tatura, H.O. Fekjaer and other authors considering the content

drug addiction as a combination of three interrelated facets - doctrinal, organizational and activity1.

Historical analysis is presented in the works of E.A. Babayan, I.D. Gadaskina, D. Godfrey, K. Matthew, M.E. Pozdnyakova, N.A. Tolokontseva, M.Sh. Shakirov and others, who focus on the features inherent in narcotization of modern society, which distinguish it from narcotic manifestations in the past, and the trends of its further modification, reflect the diversity of the content of the phenomenon of narcotization.

Narcotization researchers T.V. Otvagina, N.B. Serdyukova, K. Falkowski and others in their publications analyze the structural elements, identify its individual types and classify them on various grounds.

It is necessary to point out the presence of works by such authors as W. Burroughs, J. Bacalar, L. Grinspoon, S. Grof, T. De Quincey, C. Castaneda, T. McKenna, X. Thompson, A. Hofmann and others, who in every possible way defend and justify the narcotization of society and, in fact, appear as the ideologists of narcotization4.

The third group should include scientific publications and documents that consider possible ways of counteracting drug addiction in various spheres of life of modern society.

In particular, the international level of the problem of combating drug addiction is studied in the works of E.G. Gasanov, A.A. Lavuta and others, who offer a number of measures regulating international relations on the suppression of the activities of the drug mafia1. P.O. Avakyan, E.V. Roizman, L.M. Shipitsyn in their works formulate a system of measures on the part of state bodies and public organizations to eliminate the contradictions of social life that cause the spread of drugs2.

Researchers such as S.B. Belogurov, A.G. Danilin, T. Dimoff, S. Carper and others analyze methods that reduce the danger of drugs for individuals, formulate the rules for the safe behavior of a person3.

Among the state-legal literature devoted to the problem of counteracting drug addiction, international agreements, laws of the Russian Federation, legal norms aimed at organizing cooperation between states, defining legislative counteraction to the spread of drugs, material and financial support for drug addiction, organizing the exchange of information for effective counteraction, etc. .4

There is also the work of anti-prohibitionists (i.e., “opponents of the prohibition”), who justify the partial permission of the distribution of so-called “soft” drugs1.

A special group should be allocated to electronic resources on the specified problem, available on information sites, portals and Internet forums. The first subgroup should include the websites of public institutions, such as departments, universities and research institutes, the purpose of which is to promote the exchange of results obtained on drug use2.

The second subgroup is represented by sites of social associations, institutions and initiatives that set educational goals and work in an interactive mode, which allows site visitors to receive individual advice from experts, participate in discussions, etc.3

The third, largest, subgroup should include websites of private individuals who use the Internet to disseminate in free form their ideas about drugs, the risk of their use, as well as to discuss views on the essence of drug addiction in modern society4.

The fourth, most dangerous, subgroup is represented by the so-called "headshops" sites (main stores) intended for the sale of legal and semi-legal psychoactive substances and paraphernalia for their consumption.

In the studied scientific literature, many different points of view, approaches and opinions are expressed on the problem of drug addiction in modern society. This is due to the fact that this phenomenon is extremely complex, diverse, contradictory and is considered in various planes of scientific knowledge. It should also be noted that the integration into a single whole of all facets and levels of the essence and content of drug addiction remains beyond the scope of research, taking into account developments in other branches of scientific knowledge.

Thus, the analysis of the available literature shows that the existence of the problem of drug addiction in modern society is associated, first of all, with the spread of not only various drugs, but also doctrinal ideas that justify the need to satisfy the hedonic needs of a person, change his consciousness or express a protest attitude towards existing relations in society. . In this regard, there is a need to analyze the interrelations, mutual influences and interactions of drug addiction with various spheres of society, which was practically not set as an independent research task, and only certain aspects were studied and investigated (for example, drug addiction as a disease; drug distribution as an epidemic) in the context of other tasks.

The relevance of the research task, the prerequisites for its scientific and practical solution determined the object, subject, purpose and objectives of the dissertation research.

The object of the dissertation research is drug addiction as a specifically dangerous social reality. The subject is the essence, content, sources, causes and functions of drug addiction in modern society.

The purpose of the study is to consider from the socio-philosophical positions the deep essential features and the main content of modern drug addiction, to identify the sources of development, the main types and functions of this phenomenon, as well as to substantiate the priority areas for countering drug addiction in order to ensure the safety of the individual, society and the state.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following interrelated specific tasks:

Clarification of the essence of drug addiction in modern society and analysis of its structure as a social phenomenon;

Revealing the specifics of the manifestation of the narcotization of society through the analysis of the functions of narcotization as a social phenomenon of our time;

Substantiation of priority areas for counteracting drug addiction in modern Russian society in order to ensure the security of the individual, society and the state.

The theoretical and methodological basis of the dissertation research is the ideas and positions of representatives of domestic and foreign philosophical thought, which explore the social phenomena of public life, the phenomena of public and individual consciousness, in particular, the problems of worldview, spirituality, values and worldview-value bases of the life of the individual and social groups , their place and role in the life of society and man. The paper widely presents the results of understanding the scientific and methodological materials of various social institutions, scientific and practical conferences and seminars, scientific research, dissertations and abstracts of dissertations, publications in scientific journals, mass media on the research topic.

The direct methodological basis of the dissertation was the basic provisions of social and philosophical science, its conceptual and categorical apparatus in relation to the object and subject of research. The work uses and implements the principles of philosophical analysis: functional-activity, organizational-systemic, structural-content, axiological, phenomenological approaches, principles of social determinism, historicism, etc. More specific methods of classification and systematization, theoretical generalization and description, content analysis, etc. were also used. this study the methodological requirements of the principle of the cognizability of objective reality, the multidimensionality of truth, its mediation by various forms of scientific knowledge were taken into account.

The empirical base of the research includes the results of the analysis of the governing documents regulating the activities of state bodies and public organizations to study this phenomenon and counteract drug addiction in society; scientific and methodological generalizations of various social institutions on the problem; sociological data obtained and used by other authors on the topic of the dissertation; content analysis of periodical press materials on the issue, as well as generalization of practice professional activity various bodies of society and the state in order to ensure the security of the state, society and the individual in the field of countering the drug addiction of society.

The scientific novelty of the dissertation research is expressed by:

In the study of the essence and structure of drug addiction in modern society as a social phenomenon;

In identifying the specifics of the manifestation of drug addiction as a social phenomenon of our time through an analysis of the functions of this phenomenon;

In substantiating the priority areas of counteracting the drug addiction of modern Russian society in order to ensure the security of the individual, society and the state.

The following main provisions are put forward for defense: 1. Narcotization of modern society is the implementation of ideas, relations and activities of organized social actors in order to create an alternative type of personality and society with a characteristic drug culture, drug economy, drug policy and drug sociality based on the use of narcotic drugs and narcotic technologies.

2. The typology of drug addiction as a social phenomenon can be represented: a) by the scale of distribution (personal, social-group, public-state, regional and global); b) by the nature of implementation (voluntary and compulsory); c) in a cultural-historical context (sacred-cult, secular-hedonistic, social-protest, technological-manipulative and mixed); d) by means of formation and distribution (psychotropic and psychotronic).

3. The main functions of the drug addiction society in modern conditions advocate: political; economic; pseudo-epistemological; pseudo-religious; genocidal, etc.

4. The priority areas for counteracting drug addiction in Russian society are determined by the antisocial essence of the phenomenon, the nature and scale of challenges and threats. The directions of counteracting the drug addiction of the Russian society in the main spheres of the life of the society (economic, spiritual, political and social) are distinguished according to the levels of their implementation (personal, social-group, public, national-state, regional-international and global).

The theoretical significance of the dissertation research consists in deepening and expanding socio-philosophical knowledge about the essence, content and typology of drug addiction in modern society, as well as identifying the sources and causes of its occurrence, substantiating priority areas to counteract the spread of this phenomenon. The results of socio-philosophical analysis obtained in the study can be considered as the basis for further study of the place and role, state and specifics of drug addiction in society in modern conditions and, on this basis, the development of a concept for counteracting anti-social phenomena in society.

The practical significance of the dissertation research lies in the possibility and necessity of improving the system of counteracting the spread of drug addiction in modern Russian society, making scientifically based decisions at various management levels to improve the efficiency of various state bodies and public organizations in this area. The provisions and conclusions of the dissertation research can be of practical importance for state bodies, public and scientific organizations, pedagogical teams conducting research in the field of the spiritual life of social groups and individuals.

Approbation of the study. The main theoretical provisions of the dissertation were discussed at the Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies of the Military University, in speeches at various scientific and practical conferences and seminars, in the course of classes with students and university students on topical issues of social science.

The main results of the study are reflected in the publications:

1. Kulinich V.N. Narcotization of Russia as a threat to security // Coercion by force: history and modernity. Abstracts of the All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference May 17, 2006 (Golitsino). - Golitsino: GPI FSB of Russia, 2006. - 0.3 p.l.

2. Kulinich V.N. Narcotization as a spiritual threat to Russian society / Vestnik MGOU. Series "Philosophical Sciences". No. 2 (29). - M: MGOU Publishing House, 2006. - 0.5 pp.

3. Kulinich V.N. Narcotization of Russian society as a factor in the destabilization of spiritual life //Cathedral collection. - 2006. - No. 4. - 0.5 p.l.

The total volume of publications on the topic of the dissertation research amounted to 1J3_ p.l.

The structure of the work is subordinated to the purpose and objectives of the study. The dissertation consists of an introduction, three sections, conclusion, list of references.

Narcotization of modern society and its essential aspects

An analysis of the drug addiction of society as a social phenomenon of our time involves determining its essence, content, relationships and features of manifestation, as well as considering the place of this phenomenon in the system of social relations, subordination to social laws, using the conceptual and categorical apparatus of social philosophy as a science. In this regard, the task of socio-philosophical analysis is to generalize the available private scientific knowledge about the narcotization of society, to consider, on the basis of the most important methodological principles and requirements, the essence, structure, specifics, types, conditions and reasons for the manifestation of this phenomenon. The theoretical and methodological basis of the socio-philosophical analysis of this phenomenon is formed by ontological, epistemological, functional approaches to the study of drug addiction in society, which make it possible to predict the activities of a particular individual and social groups, and therefore determine the conditions conducive to the most complete, constructive implementation of measures aimed at counteracting this. antisocial phenomenon.

The socio-philosophical analysis of the drug addiction of society as a social phenomenon, in our opinion, will serve necessary condition isolating the specifics of its manifestation in modern conditions, typology and definition of functions, as well as substantiating directions for counteracting this phenomenon.

Modern society is extremely vulnerable to the threat of drug addiction. The clandestine production, manufacture and distribution of drugs today affects an increasing number of countries in many regions of the world. Reports to the 20th Special Session of the UN General Assembly in June 1998 noted with dismay that this global menace had escalated as the measures taken by the international community were insufficient to decisively rebuff the challenge of the transnational drug business. Drug addiction is recognized as a social scourge in many countries. The drug mafia has a great influence on the politics of some Latin American countries (Colombia, Ecuador), has its own armies in Southeast Asia (the “Golden Triangle” on the border of Thailand, Burma and Laos), drug production makes up a large part of the Afghan economy.

The incomes of underground corporations from the drug trade exceed the income from the oil trade and are approaching the world's income from the arms trade. The turnover of the global drug industry is estimated by UN experts at about $400 billion a year, which is about 8% of the turnover of all international trade. Only within the Russian Federation, from 2 to 7 billion dollars of drug money is “laundered”, and these funds are then virtually freely moved abroad1.

In all countries of the world, including Russia, there is a mass deformation of consciousness on an unprecedented scale and with catastrophic consequences, a special alternative drug culture is being formed. According to the calculations of the International Anti-Drug Center in New York, the number of people who have used drugs at least once on the globe exceeds 1 billion people. Romanian researcher D. Baboyan argued that in the 60-70s. of the last century, there were about 400 million drug addicts in the world who consumed opium and its derivatives, 300 million smoked hashish and marijuana, 300 million chewed coca leaves, hundreds of thousands consumed psychotropic hallucinogenic substances2.

It is estimated that over 200 million people around the world use various types of drugs on a regular basis today. Including, approximately 140 million smoke marijuana - the most common drug, cocaine use 13 million, heroin - 8 million, 30 million abuse amphetamine-type stimulants. The decrease in the registered number of drug addicts is explained, first of all, by their switching to new, mostly synthetic drugs, as well as the use of so-called "legal drugs".

More L.N. Tolstoy noted that "nine-tenths of the total number of crimes that stain humanity are committed under the influence of wine"2. Today, these words, without exaggeration, can be attributed to drugs. The Drug Control Organization, in a report published in 1988, noted that this activity, the scope of which cannot but cause alarm, is financed and organized by various criminal organizations with ramifications around the world, as well as access to the financial system of various states. Large drug traffickers often use absolutely legal channels of well-known transnational corporations for their activities. With almost unlimited resources, drug traffickers corrupt the employees of these companies (...), use methods of violence and terror, lobby in the direction they need in the adoption of international drug conventions and wield real political and economic power in many regions of the world.

The victims of drugs are, first of all, representatives of the younger generation. Thus, according to a sociological study of 2.5 thousand residents of St. Petersburg, conducted in 2000, about 70% of young men under the age of 25 are familiar with illegal drugs; one way or another attached to them. For girls, this figure does not exceed 30%. One-fourth of all those "addicted" to drugs suffer from severe addiction. The number attached to cannabis and its other derivatives is almost equal to the total number of young people. Four-fifths of all active drug users first encountered them between the ages of 15 and 17.

In many countries of the world, the processes of transformation of democracy into "narcocracy" are underway. What is at stake is not only the health of the drug addicts themselves, but also the health of the whole society and, in particular, the economy, corrupted by drug dollars, as well as political institutions and information centers, also corrupt and under partial, and perhaps even complete control of the drug mafia. In parallel with this, there is an increase in the bureaucracy, which is called upon to fight drugs and has at its disposal powerful and ever-improving means, which, of course, is interested in maintaining and strengthening the existing system.

The spread of drug addiction is also an internal undermining of society, a decrease in its organization and controllability, and last but not least, the country's mobilization readiness to repel armed aggression from outside.

Narcology today is actively criminalized, the more expensive treatment for drug addiction, the more unprofitable full recovery. The principle “the more patients, the more profitable for doctors” is destructive for society and is unacceptable even in market conditions.

Narcotism as a social phenomenon involves not only the victims of drug users, but also those who seek to profit from it. Today, the drug trade in the world brings such a large income that drug traffickers stop at nothing. Back in 1860, T.J. Dunning, in his book Trade Unions and Strikes, gave a characterization of capitalism, which K. Marx quoted in Capital: he tramples all human laws, at 300% there is no such crime that he would not risk, at least under pain of the gallows.

In the speech of the Metropolitan of Tashkent and Central Asia Vladimir, made in 2005, during the work of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference "National sphere of responsibility:" Power, church, business, society - against drug addiction in Russia ", it was noted that in recent years Russia has been subjected to to the effects of weapons of mass destruction - drugs, the consequences of which, perhaps, are worse than those of an atomic bomb. “Account of Russian teenagers and youth killed by the “white death” goes already millions, hope for the future of Russia is lost. Meanwhile, the legislature is actually inactive, prominent Russian politicians are silent about this total disaster, inexplicable indifference reigns in society, and the media, at best, camouflage the horror of the drug threat, at worst, they openly or covertly advertise the drug "high"1.

The World Health Organization (WHO), as a result of many years of special observations, came to the conclusion that if the proportion of drug addicts in a country is 7 or more percent of the population of any country, then irreversible processes of population degeneration and decomposition of all social structures begin in this country. The drug culture begins to reproduce itself.

Typology, functions and specifics of the manifestation of drug addiction in modern society

A more detailed disclosure of the specifics of the manifestation of drug addiction in modern society involves consideration of its typology and functions. Historical analogies comparable to the narcotization of society in modern conditions, a comparative analysis of historical data and modern facts allows us to find out the causes of narcotization and its specifics in the modern world.

Drugs have been known to people for thousands of years. people consumed them different cultures, for different purposes: during religious ceremonies, to restore strength, to change consciousness, to relieve pain and discomfort. There is evidence that already in the pre-literate period, people knew and used psychoactive chemicals: alcohol and plants, the consumption of which affects consciousness. Archaeological studies have shown that already in 6400 BC. people knew beer and some others alcoholic drinks. Modern scientists believe that fermentation processes were discovered by chance (grape wine, by the way, appeared only in the 4th - 3rd centuries BC).

The first written evidence of the use of intoxicants is the story of Noah's drunkenness from the Book of Genesis. Various plants that cause physiological and mental changes have also been used, usually in religious ceremonies or in medical procedures. An example is the use in the Middle East in the 5th millennium BC. "cereal of joy" (apparently, the opium poppy).

Around 2700 BC in China, hemp was already used (in the form of an infusion, like tea): Emperor Shei Nung ordered his subjects to take it as a cure for gout and absent-mindedness. Stone Age people knew opium, hashish and cocaine and used these drugs to change their minds (during religious ceremonies) and in preparation for battle. On the walls of the burial complexes of the Indians of Central and South America there are images of people chewing coca leaves (one of the ways to take cocaine), dating back to the middle of the 3rd millennium BC. It must be borne in mind that the fact that a drug is used in one culture does not give us the right to assume that in other cultures at the same time people knew this drug and used it. As now, there are both similarities and differences in the use of drugs by people of different cultures.

In ancient times, narcotic drugs were used for ritual, religious, religious and magical purposes. So, Ancient Greece knows maenads (Bacchae, a servant of Dionysus). The very word "maenad" is derived from the word "mania" - madness.

A.V. Meng notes that Dionysism preached a fusion with nature, in which a person completely surrenders to her. When dancing among the forests and valleys to the sounds of music brought the bacchant into a state of frenzy, he bathed in the waves of cosmic delight, his heart beat in harmony with the whole world. Then the whole world seemed intoxicating with its good and evil, beauty and ugliness... Everything that a person sees, hears, touches and smells is a manifestation of Dionysus. It is spilled everywhere. The smell of slaughterhouse and a sleepy pond, icy winds and debilitating heat, delicate flowers and a disgusting spider - everything is divine. The mind cannot put up with it, it condemns and approves, sorts and chooses. But what are his judgments worth when the "sacred madness of Bacchus", caused by an intoxicating dance under a blue sky or at night by the light of stars and lights, reconciles with everything! The distinction between life and death disappears. Man no longer feels cut off from the Universe, he has become identified with it3.

In the cult of Dionysus, certain narcotic substances were used, which contributed to the emergence of various visions and ecstatic states, integral companions of orgiastic cults, among which was the cult of Dionysus.

W. Wundt gives the following description of the orgiastic cult, its structure and the nature of the use of narcotic drugs: , belief in one's own sorcery activity. In examining the cult dances performed during festivals of vegetation, processions to bring down rain, and similar occasions - dances of which we find significant traces in the holidays of civilized peoples - we have had the opportunity to become acquainted with similar very common methods of inducing ecstatic states, as well as inducing visions in reality with mythological and religious content. Here, the rhythmically repetitive movement imitating imaginary actions brings with it, with its intensification and rise, a hallucinatory state of excitement, which is clearly proved by the transition of mimic dances ... into ecstatic dances. But at the same time, from an early time, another method for generating the state of waking visions is combined: it consists in the use of stimulants, like tobacco, hashish, opium, subsequently fermented, containing alcohol, drinks, wine in the Greek cult of Dionysus, which generates ecstasy and the accompanying vision. But both of these tools combined are especially powerful. Due to this, the use of stimulating and intoxicating drugs becomes a cult action itself, and the intoxicant (such as tobacco, wine, soma drink), with the further development of these associations, becomes sacred object and finally the seat of the deity, or even the deity himself.

Priority areas of countering drug addiction in Russian society

The intensity and large-scale spread of drug addiction in Russia and in the whole world puts on the agenda the awareness of the need to combat this complex and multifaceted social evil, the development of an appropriate system of measures. The struggle against the drug addiction of modern society is extremely complex and dangerous. We believe that the most promising measure in the anti-drug struggle is the creation of a coherent system for counteracting drug addiction, in which various areas will be singled out according to the spheres and levels of society's vital activity. This approach is the most justified, since drug addiction itself takes on a complex character, affecting all spheres of society, and acquires the character of an alternative civilization, an alternative society.

The main directions of the struggle against drug addiction should be countermeasures in all spheres of society - spiritual, economic, political and social. And the levels of implementation of these areas will be: personal, social-group, public, national-state, regional-international and global.

To create a holistic view of the possible ways and methods of combating drug addiction, it is advisable to refer to the experience of foreign countries. Since the end cold war humanity is faced with two new threats: global terrorism and the global drug distribution network. Today it is obvious that the drug traffic is well organized, adapts easily, resorts to violence ruthlessly, and owns riches unprecedented in history. Drug syndicates have already established a sophisticated network of supply and distribution channels, a money laundering mechanism and, perhaps most dangerously, powerful contacts in government circles in many drug-producing and transit countries.

Researchers identify the following main directions in the fight against drug addiction in foreign countries at the present stage:

the use of system analysis in the development of strategies and tactics for the fight against drug addiction by the police, the improvement scientific methods and technical means of data analysis;

analysis of the nature, nature and extent of illegal production and trafficking of drugs to the countries concerned;

improvement and convergence of the legal systems of different countries in order to ensure the same force of criminal responsibility for persons involved in organized smuggling and illegal drug trade on a large scale;

expansion and deepening of international cooperation;

stepping up the activities of the police of the United States and European states sent to countries that are the main producers and suppliers of narcotic drugs, strengthening the border and customs control foreigners from countries that are producers and suppliers of drugs;

forced reduction in the production of narcotic drugs;

expansion of internships in developed capitalist countries for specialists in the fight against drug addiction from Asia, America and Africa;

increasing the level of special training not only for police officers, but also for prosecutors and customs officers;

expanding the scale of anti-drug propaganda, especially among young people, problems associated with the individual and social danger of drug trafficking, etc.1

To implement these areas of combating drug addiction in modern society, the experience of the United States is of particular interest, where a real war against drug addiction has been waged since the mid-1970s, the main focus of which is on:

active participation of the population in preventive measures;

organization of joint and targeted actions of the police and authorities, taking into account local conditions;

wide involvement in the fight against drug addiction of both the armed forces and special services to eliminate the top management of the drug business, the destruction of drugs in the places of their production and processing;

prohibition of entry into the country of persons suspected of involvement in drug trafficking,

encouragement of international cooperation to eradicate the production of narcotic drugs in countries where it has developed historically (Turkey, Burma, Afghanistan);

creation and development of the legislative base, for the organization of a system of compulsory medical treatment getting rid of drug addiction;

taking measures to confiscate bank deposits and funds to finance activities to prevent drug use by children and adolescents, etc.

In the United States, two dozen departments and organizations are engaged in countering drug addiction1.

Today, there are many scenarios for further drug addiction of Russian society in the near future - from the expectation of a final victory over it in the foreseeable future to the most tragic finals of the death of human civilization as a result of global changes in its gene pool. Depending on these scenarios, the task of combating drug addiction in Russian society is also being solved.

Introduction

Narcotization is one of the most acute problems of modern society, as evidenced by statistics. The number of drug addicts in Russia, according to various estimates, ranges from 3 to 8 million people. Such data was provided by the head of the department of interagency cooperation in the field of prevention of the Federal Drug Control Service (FSKN) of Russia B. Tselinsky.

The goal is to consider drug addiction as a social problem, to identify the social and psychological reasons for its widespread spread.

1. Consider drug addiction as an acute social problem

2. Among the factors that cause the drug addiction of society, consider separately the social and psychological aspects.

3. Consider the family as the determining factor among the social causes of drug addiction.

Narcotization is one of the most important social problems

A new source of replenishment of the number of drug addicts has been revealed - the marginal layers of modern Russian society. One of the most common characteristics of parental families of drug users before 1992 was the low material and educational level of the parents. At present, there is a significant proportion of adolescents among drug users who have parents with incomplete and completed higher education, their drug addiction is caused not so much by their own lack of adaptation, but by the social maladjustment of their parents. Both the children of parents who have lost their social status (having a higher education and not having a job and, accordingly, earnings) are involved in drugs, as well as children of parents who have acquired a fundamentally new social status (the level of education is low, material security is high). Thus, an important factor of inclusion in drug use is belonging to the marginalized strata of society. But it is not the outcasts themselves who are addicted to drugs, but their children. Features of modern socio-economic processes in Russia contribute to the intensive development of marginality and, accordingly, an increase in drug addiction.

The first, however unexpected, presents a more serious problem. There are many more drug users than second drug users, but because of them, the risk of the dangerous consequences of primary anesthesia increases. Some die before they become drug addicts, sometimes at the first injection. The tragedy of these episodes is that not drug addicts die, but young healthy people due to overdoses.

The use of drugs that are expensive for adolescents indicates their involvement in criminal structures.

Given the latency of drug trafficking, the prognosis for this type of crime is unfavorable: drug trafficking will increase. Its main consequence is the growth of drug addiction.

The problem of drug addiction in the older age groups is currently no less relevant than in the youth, and requires close attention of researchers.

Factors such as socio-economic situation, unemployment rate, wages and incomes of the population, inflation, the presence of centers of growth of wild-growing drug-containing plants, the presence of a significant number of institutions of the penitentiary system, the phenomenon of "legal drugs", the development of a "club" youth subculture that encourages consumption drugs.

The situation with the implementation of the budget of the Udmurt Republic has a positive effect on the financing of anti-drug and other state social programs. It should be noted that the share of republican budget expenditures on priority social tasks remains the highest, which makes it possible to predict the stability of the socio-economic situation in the republic, which is the main global factor that ensures the prevention of drug addiction among the least protected part of the population of the republic.

Consistent economic development of the republic also inspires optimism.

The growth of agricultural production is a positive factor in the development of the drug situation in the Udmurt Republic. It is important to prevent the reduction of cultivated areas and livestock production, which may contribute to a decrease in the level of employment and income of the villagers. Under these conditions, poppy cultivation for own consumption, and most often for sale, can become one of the alternative sources of income for the villagers.

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