Log house of five-walls - characteristic features, positive aspects and disadvantages. Traditional types of houses in Russia Pyatistinok in the Russian village plan

The type of hut depended on the method of heating, on the number of walls, the location of the stands between themselves and their number, on the location of the yard.

According to the method of heating, the huts were divided into "black" and "white".

Older huts, long preserved as houses of poorer peasants, were "black" huts. Black hut (smoky, ore - from "ore": dirty, darkened, chimney) - a hut that is heated "in black", i.e. with a stone or adobe stove (and earlier with a hearth) without a chimney. Smoke on fire

did not pass directly from the stove through the chimney into the chimney, but, having gone into the room and warmed it up, went out through the window, open door, or through a chimney (smoker) in the roof, a chimney, a chimney. A chimney or smoker is a hole or a wooden pipe, often carved, for the exit of smoke in a chicken hut, usually located above the hole in the ceiling of the hut. Dymvolok: 1. a hole in the upper part of the walls of the hut, through which stove smoke comes out; 2. plank chimney; 3. (hog) lying smoke channel in the attic. Chimney: 1. wooden chimney above

roofing; 2. an opening for the exit of stove smoke in the ceiling or wall of the chicken hut; 3 decorative completion of the chimney above the roof.

The hut is a white or blond hut, heated "in white", i.e. a stove with its own chimney with pipes. According to archaeological data, the chimney appeared in the 12th century. In a chicken hut, people often lived with all the animals and poultry. Chicken huts in the 16th century were even in Moscow. Sometimes in the same yard there were both black and white huts.

According to the number of walls, the houses were divided into four-walls, five-walls, crosses and six-walls.

Four-wall

Four-wall hut. The simplest four-wall dwelling is a temporary building set up by fishermen or hunters when they left the village for many months.

Capital four-walled houses could be with or without a vestibule. Huge gable roofs on males with hens and skates protrude far from the walls,

protecting from atmospheric precipitation.

Five-walled

A five-wall hut or five-wall hut is a residential wooden building, rectangular in plan, having an internal transverse wall dividing the entire room into two unequal parts: in the larger one - a hut or upper room, in the smaller one - a canopy or a living room (if there is a chopped canopy).

Sometimes a kitchen was set up here with a stove that heated both rooms. The inner wall, like the four outer ones, goes from the ground itself to the upper crown of the log house and the ends of the logs go to main facade dividing it into two parts.

Initially, the façade was divided asymmetrically, but later five-walls appeared with a symmetrical division of the façade. In the first case, the fifth wall separated the hut and the upper room, which was smaller than the hut and had fewer windows. When the sons had their own family, and according to tradition, everyone continued to live together in the same house, the five-wall already consisted of two adjacent huts with their own stoves, with two separate entrances and a vestibule attached to the back of the huts.

A cross hut, a cross or a cross house (in some places it was also called a six-wall) - a wooden residential building in which the transverse wall is intersected by the longitudinal inner wall, forming (in terms of) four independent rooms. On the facade of the house, a cut is visible (emphasis on "y") - an internal transverse log wall crossing outer wall a log house, chopped at the same time as the hut and cut into the walls with the release of the ends. The plan of the house often looks like a square. The roof is four-pitched. Entrances and porches are arranged in priruby, sometimes set perpendicular to the wall. The house may have two floors.

Six-wall

Izba-six-wall or six-wall means a house with two transverse walls. The entire building is covered by one roof.

The huts could consist only of residential premises, or of residential and utility premises.

The houses stood along the street, inside they were divided by bulkheads, along the facade there was a continuous band of windows, architraves and shutters.

The blank wall is almost non-existent. horizontal logs are not interrupted only in three or four lower crowns. The right and left huts are usually symmetrical. The central room has a wider window. Roofs are usually low gable or hipped. Often log cabins are placed on large flat stones to avoid uneven settlement. big house with several capital walls.

According to the location of the cages among themselves and their number, one can distinguish hut-crate, two-frame houses, huts in two dwellings, double huts, triple huts, huts with communication.

The hut-cage meant a wooden building, with sides corresponding to the length of the log 6 - 9 m. It could have a basement, a canopy and be two-story.

Two-frame house - wooden house with two crowns under one common roof.

Hut in two dwellings - a peasant dwelling of two log cabins: in one with a stove they lived in winter, in the other - in summer.

Communication hut. This is a type of wooden building, divided into two halves by a passage. A vestibule was attached to the log house, forming a two-cell house, another cage was nailed to the vestibule, and a three-membered house was obtained. Often, a Russian stove was placed in a hacked cage, and the dwelling received two huts - “front” and “back”, connected by through passages. All rooms were located along the longitudinal axis and covered with gable roofs. It turned out a single volume of the house.

Double hut or twins - huts connected by cages so that each hut, each volume of the log house has its own roof. Since each roof had its own ridge, the houses were also called “the house of two horses” (“the house for two horses”), sometimes such houses were also called the “house with a ravine”. At the junction of log cabins, two walls are obtained. Both stands could be residential, but with a different layout, or one residential and the other household. Under one or both there could be a basement, one could itself be a hut with a connection. Most often, a residential hut was connected with a covered courtyard.

Wall

A triple hut or triple hut consists of three separate stands, each of which has its own roof. Therefore, such houses are also called "houses about three horses" (there are also houses "about five horses"). The ends of the buildings face the main facade.

The purpose of the stands could be different: all three stands could be residential, in the middle there could be a covered courtyard located between two residential stands.

In an ensemble of triple houses, usually all three volumes of the house were of the same width with roofs of the same height and slope, but where the middle part - the courtyard was wider than the hut and barn, the roof, of course, was wider and with the same slope with the rest - higher.

It was difficult to build and repair such a high and heavy roof, and builders in the Urals found a way out: instead of one large roof, they build two smaller ones of the same height. The result is a picturesque composition - a group of buildings "for four horses". From under the slopes of the roofs to a great length, reaching up to two meters, huge water drains on chickens protrude forward of the house. The silhouette of the house is unusually expressive.

According to the type of courtyard, houses are divided into houses with an open courtyard. An open courtyard could be located on either side of the house or around it. Such yards were used in middle lane Russia. All homestead buildings (sheds, barns, stables, and others) usually stand at a distance from housing, in an open utility yard. Large patriarchal families lived in the north, including several generations (grandfathers, sons, grandchildren). In the northern regions and in the Urals, due to the cold climate, houses usually had covered courtyards adjoining the residential hut on one side and allowing in winter and in bad weather to get into all service, utility rooms and the barnyard and perform all daily work. without going outside. In a number of the houses described above - twins and triplets, the courtyard was covered, adjacent to the dwelling.

According to the location of the covered courtyard in relation to the house, the huts are divided into houses with a “purse”, houses with a “beam”, houses with a “verb”. In these houses, the dwelling and the covered courtyard were combined into a single complex.

Izba "beam" (emphasis on "y") - type wooden house, where residential and utility rooms are located one after the other along the same axis and form an elongated rectangle in plan - a “beam”, covered with a gable roof, the ridge of which is located along the longitudinal axis. This is the most common type of peasant house in the north. Since the gable roofs of all parts of the complex - a hut, a passage, a yard, a shed - usually form one covering, such a house is called a "house on one horse" or "a house under one horse." Sometimes ridge logs are not located on the same level, then the ridge comes with ledges in height. With a decrease in the length of the beams coming from the main residential hut, which has the highest ridge, the level of the ridges of their roofs decreases accordingly. One gets the impression of not one house, but several volumes, elongated one from the other. The house with a beam resembles a hut with a connection, but instead of a room, outbuildings are located behind the entrance hall.

The “purse” hut (emphasis on “o”) is the most ancient type of residential wooden building with an adjoining covered courtyard. A purse meant a large basket, a cart, a boat. All rooms are grouped in a square (in plan) volume. Utility rooms are adjacent to the side wall of the housing. Everything is under a common gable roof. Because hut on the facade less yard, then the roof is not symmetrical. The ridge of the roof passes over the middle of the residential part, so the roof slope over the residential part is shorter and steeper than over the yard, where the slope is longer and gentler. To distinguish the residential part as the main one, they usually arrange another symmetrical slope of the residential part, which performs a purely decorative role (such houses are common in Karelia, Zaonezhie and the Arkhangelsk region). In the Urals, in addition to houses with asymmetrical roofs, there are often houses with symmetrical roofs and with a yard built into a common symmetrical volume. Such houses have a wide squat end facade with gently sloping roofs. In the house, under one slope of the roof there is a residential part, under another slope - a yard. The adjacent longitudinal chopped wall is located in the middle of the volume under the roof ridge and serves constructive element to support the floor, ceiling and to connect the long logs of the transverse walls.

The hut "gogol" or "boot" is a type of residential wooden house in which residential huts are set at an angle to each other, and the utility yard partly fits into the corner they form, partly continues further along the line of the end walls of the house. Thus, the plan resembles the letter "g", which was previously called the "verb". The basement and courtyard form utility rooms, living rooms are located on the second floor.

In the Urals, there is also a peculiar arrangement of the hut under a high barn - a shed hut. The hut is built below, near the ground, in a high two-story log house, as if in a basement, and above it there is a huge barn. In cold winters, the dwelling was protected from above by a barn with hay, from the side by a covered courtyard with outbuildings, from behind by a barn, and near the ground by deep snow. Usually it was part of the complex of buildings of the triple yard or the yard with a purse

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Izba - a wooden log (log) residential building in a rural wooded area of ​​Russia

In the steppe regions, rich in clay, huts (huts) were built instead of huts.

Story

Initially (until the 13th century), the hut was a log building, partially (up to a third) going into the ground. That is, a recess was dug out and the hut itself was completed in 3-4 rows of thick logs above it, which thus was a semi-dugout.

Initially, there was no door, it was replaced by a small inlet, approximately 0.9 × 1 meter, covered by a pair of log halves tied together and a canopy.

In the depths of the hut there was a hearth made of stones. There was no smoke outlet; in order to save heat, the smoke was kept in the room, and the excess went out through the inlet. There were no floors as such, the earthen floor was simply watered and swept, becoming smooth and hard.

The head of the family slept in a place of honor by the hearth, the woman and children - to the right of the entrance. Directly at the entrance housed livestock, such as a farrowing pig with small piglets.

This structure persisted for a long time. Over the centuries, the hut has been improved, first receiving windows in the form of holes in the side wall for the exit of smoke, then a stove, then holes on the roof for the exit of smoke.

Bake

Until the 13th century the huts did not have stoves, there was only a hearth, the smoke came out through the entrance hole or special holes in the wall that had appeared by that time.

In the Golden Horde period and up to the 15th century, stoves were not common, this explains the appearance of the word “hearth” itself, the word hearth is a Turkic word, apparently it was introduced by nomads and so they began to call a special place in the hut where the fire was kindled.

By the 15th century primitive stoves began to spread in the huts, which were also heated on black.

In the period up to the XVII century. stoves had neither pipes nor other devices for smoke removal, then devices began to appear to remove smoke from above, not through the doors. But it was not yet a chimney in the modern sense. Just in the upper part, in the ceiling, a hole was made, from where a wooden box, called a hog, led horizontally. This hog further carried the smoke up.

In the period from the 17th to the 19th century, stoves with pipes began to spread among wealthy people and in cities. However, the huts of many peasants until the end of the 19th century were heated on black.

Huts were called huts that were heated according to the "black", that is, they did not have a chimney. A stove without a chimney was used, called a smoke stove or black stove.

The smoke came out through the doors and during the burning hung under the ceiling in a thick layer, which is why the upper parts of the logs in the hut were covered with soot.

So that soot and soot do not fall on the floor and people, soot was deposited on the benches - shelves located along the perimeter of the inner walls of the hut, they separated the smoked top from the clean bottom. In later times, by the 13th century, a small hole appeared in the wall, and then in the ceiling of the hut - a chimney.

Chicken huts, despite all their shortcomings, existed in Russian villages until the 19th century, they even met at the beginning of the 20th century, at least you can find photographs (namely photographs, not drawings) of chicken huts.

The floors in the chicken huts were earthen, that is, the earth was watered and compacted, becoming very hard over time. This was due to the fact that the technology for making boards was very complicated for that time, as a result of which the boards were very expensive.

For doors, boards were used, obtained by splitting a log into two parts and trimming them.

Simultaneously with the existence of chicken huts, devices for removing smoke gradually became widespread, at first they were wooden chimneys on the ceiling, the so-called "hogs".

The chicken hut, as a rule, did not have windows, there were windows - small holes for lighting and smoke exit, some windows were covered with a bull's bladder (stomach), if necessary, they were closed (clouded) with a piece of wood, these were the so-called "port windows". At night, the hut was lit with a torch, however, people in those days tried to lie down after dark. White huts became widespread only in the 18th century, and they began to be built en masse only in the 19th.

white hut

From the 15th century furnaces with pipes are becoming widespread. But, basically, among princes, boyars, merchants, etc., and only in cities. As for the villages, chicken huts, heated in black, stood in the 19th century. Some of these huts have survived to this day.

Only in the XVIII century. and only in St. Petersburg, Tsar Peter I forbade building houses with black heating. In other settlements, they continued to be built until the 19th century.

It is the “white” six-walled hut that is the “classic” Russian hut, the crown of its development. A distinctive feature of the northern (territory north of Moscow) Russian hut is that all the peasant economy was concentrated under one roof.

A year-round dwelling with a Russian stove occupied from one third to half of the area of ​​the hut and was raised above ground level by 1-1.5 meters.

The room under the floor of the dwelling was called the underground. It was possible to get into the underground only from the living quarters by taking out a wooden hatch in the floor (a hole about 1 × 1 meter in size was opened). The underground was illuminated by several small windows, had an earthen floor, and was used to store stocks of potatoes (sometimes other vegetables).

The other half of the hut had two floors. The lower floor had an earthen floor and a gate for driving cattle. The half of the lower floor far from the gate was divided into several isolated rooms with small windows (for a cow with a calf and sheep). At the end narrow corridor there were perches for the overnight stay of chickens.

The upper floor was divided into a chamber and a hayloft (above the premises for livestock and poultry), where, in addition to stocks of hay, stacks of firewood were stored for the winter. There was a toilet in the hayloft (near one of the walls there was a hole in the floor, human excrement fell down between the wall and the chicken roosts). There was a door to the outside for loading hay in autumn (the height from the ground is about 2.5 - 3 meters).

All the premises of the hut were connected by a small corridor, which had one level with the living quarters, so a small staircase led up to the door of the upper room. Behind the door leading to the hayloft, there were two stairs: one led up to the hayloft, the other down to the animals.

Near the entrance to the hut, they usually attached (beams and boards were used) a small room with large windows, which was called the entrance hall. Thus, in order to get into the hut, it was necessary to climb the porch and enter the hallway, there climb the stairs and enter the corridor, and from it into the living quarters.

Sometimes a room like a barn was attached to the rear wall of the hut (usually for storing hay). They called him a chapel. Such a device of a rural dwelling allows you to lead in harsh Russian winters household, without leaving once again in the cold.

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Helpful information

Izba
English Izba

floors

The floors in the peasant hut were earthen, that is, the earth was simply trampled down.

Only by the XV century. wooden floors began to appear, and then only in cities and among rich people. As for the villages, they were considered a luxury in the 19th century.

The floors were made from logs split in half, in rich houses - from boards. The floors were laid along the hut from the entrance.

At the same time, in Siberia, a territory rich in forests, floors were widespread already in the 17th century. Where they were arranged in order to keep warm. Moreover, it was customary to pave the yard with wooden bricks.

Window

As already mentioned, the hut did not have windows as such. Ordinary windows, similar to modern ones, began to appear among wealthy people only by the 15th century.

These are the so-called Red windows or kosyachnye windows. The huts familiar to us with floors, with windows and chimneys began to spread only in the 18th century. and became widespread only in the XIX century.

Holes in the window house were covered with mica or bull bladder, depending on the time of year.

Roof

The roof of the white huts is duo-pitch made of timber or shingles. Gable roofs are male with pediments made of male logs.

A frosting was laid on top of the roof.

The roof was connected by a longitudinal beam - a prince (prince) or a horse (horse). Tree trunks with hooks - chickens - were attached to this beam. Overhangs and gutters were laid on the hooks of the chicken.

Later appeared rafter roofs three and four slopes.

Foundation

The hut was installed directly on the ground or on poles. Oak logs, large stones or stumps were brought under the corners, on which the log house stood.

In summer, the wind blew under the hut, drying the boards of the so-called “black” floor from below.

By winter, the house was sprinkled with earth or a mound was made of turf. In the spring, a blockage or embankment was dug up in some places to create ventilation.

Interior decoration

Ceiling made of logs or beams split in half. The beams of the ceiling were laid on a massive beam - a mat. The ceiling was plastered with clay. Sifted earth was poured over the ceiling for insulation. A ring for the ochepa was screwed into the mother. A cradle was hung from the eyeglass.

The inner walls were whitewashed, sheathed with hemp, or linden boards. Along the walls were benches and chests. They slept on benches or on the floor. Back in the 19th century, in poor houses, the bed played a decorative role - the owners continued to sleep on the floor.

There were shelves on the walls. Above the entrance, between the wall and the stove, they arranged beds.

In addition to the red corner in the hut, there was a "woman's corner" (or "kut") - opposite the stove brow. Male corner, or "konik" - at the entrance. Zakut - behind the stove.

Hut types

Four-wall hut

The simplest four-wall dwelling. Often a temporary building.

Hut-five-wall

A five-wall or five-wall hut is a residential wooden building, rectangular in plan, divided by an internal transverse wall into two unequal parts: a hut (room) and a canopy (usually a non-residential room)

Hut-six-wall

Hut-six-wall (six-wall) - a house with two transverse walls.

red corner

In a Russian hut, usually oriented to the sides of the horizon, a red corner was arranged in the far corner of the hut, on the east side, in the space between the side and facade walls, diagonally from the oven.

It has always been the most illuminated part of the house: both walls forming the corner had windows. The icons were placed in the "red" or "front" corner of the room in such a way that the icon was the first thing a person entering the room paid attention to.

Table

A table was installed in the front corner, which was called large. To big table another table was placed along the wall, which was called a straight table.

Stalls

There were benches along the walls of the hut. The shop located in the red corner was called the big shop. In the red corner, on a large bench, the owner of the house was sitting at the table. The place of the owner of the house was called the big place. The rest of the family sat down at the table in order of seniority. If everyone did not fit at a large and straight table, a curved table was attached to a straight table at an angle.

Guest places

A large seat was considered honorary and was offered to important guests. The guest had to ritually refuse the seat. The clergy sat in a large place without refusing. Last place at the crooked table it was called a half-beam, as it was located under the ceiling beam, on which the half was laid. In epics, at princely feasts, the heroes usually sat on a cloth beam, and then they moved to more honorable places, based on their exploits.

Hut in national culture

The hut is an important part of Russian national culture and folklore, it is mentioned in proverbs and sayings (“The hut is not red with corners, it is red with pies”), in Russian folk tales("A hut on chicken legs").

Izba: typology and layout

Specialists divide the Russian peasant dwelling (so far we are talking only about the peasant one) into two large groups: a dwelling with a mound and a dwelling on a basement. The basis of this division is the climatic conditions of habitat, and the border passes approximately through the Moscow region. The higher the floor is above the ground, the warmer the dwelling. Consequently, in the northern regions, the dwelling should stand on the basement, and the further north, the higher it was, so that under the floor formed Auxiliary room, podklet, or podzbitsa. South of Moscow, the floor was laid low above the ground or even, along the southern borders of the Ryazan region, on the ground, and in some places earthen floors came across. In this case, it was necessary to insulate the building with a blockage: outside, and sometimes inside, under a low-lying floor, a low pole fence was arranged along the walls, covered with earth. In summer, the mound could be rolled off so that the lower crowns of the hut would dry out.

In general, the land good insulation, and often baths, built from poor wood, were made in the form of semi-dugouts for warmth. And the ancient, or, better, early medieval buildings of the common Russian people, especially in Kievan Rus, without exception, they were semi-dugouts - a log cabin recessed into the ground. However, that was a long time ago, and permanent capital dwellings long ago became ground dwellings, and only temporary winter huts were built in the form of semi-dugouts with a roof covered with earth from a knurler.

The simplest and most archaic type of dwelling is a single-chamber, that is, with one internal room, a heated dwelling - a firebox. The firebox - because it was heated, it was possible to heat the stove in it. Istochka - source - izobka - istba - hut. Now it is clear why the Russian peasant dwelling is called a hut - because it is heated. A light, sometimes even open vestibule, log, pole or even wattle, was attached to the entrance to the firebox - a canopy.

Hut. Plan

1. Hut, 2. Furnace, 3. Table in the red corner, 4. Konik, 5. Canopy, 6. Porch.

Canopy in Russian - shadow, cover; canopy - because they were with a roof, covered the entrance, overshadowed it. The threshold in the hut was made high, not less than one crown, or even one and a half or two, so that the cold was less drawn into the open door: the most cold air keeps down. The floor in the hut for the same purpose must certainly be slightly higher than in the hallway. And the doors were small, with a low lintel, so that when entering an old hut, you need to bend your head lower. In general, they tried to make all the openings in the walls smaller to save heat.

The threshold in the hut was given special importance: after all, it separated the hut from the outside world. The young, having arrived from the crown, had to step on the threshold with both feet in order to intermarry with the hut. A baby was placed on the threshold with a tummy if he screamed from pain in the stomach. On the threshold, adults were also treated for back pain: they laid them on the threshold with their stomachs and “hacked” the disease with an ax blade. Going on a long journey, from under the threshold of the father's hut, they took a pinch of earth into an amulet. Finally, as will be described below, a “live” fire was “sawed out” on the threshold.

In the hut, the floor was made of thick planks - split and hewn logs. Blocks lay along the hut, from the threshold: and the floor beams were shorter, did not bend underfoot, and it was more convenient to walk on an uneven floor made of blocks. After all, basically in the hut you had to walk along it, and not across it. In the same way, the ceiling was laid along the hut, which in the attic for insulation was covered with dry fallen leaves, fallen spruce needles, a needle case, or simply dry earth. In a small hut, the ceiling was supported by one central beam - the mother. Since not only the peasant shelter was kept on it, but also the life of the future peasant itself - a ring was screwed into the mother, on which the unsteadiness for the baby hung - the mother was given special importance in peasant life. Under it, oaths were taken, borrowed and returned money, a matchmaker sat under it, matchmaking and betrothal of the young took place under it.

However, modern researchers write that even in the forest areas quite recently, in the 18th century, the huts were without floors and ceilings; the role of the floor was played by the trampled earth, on which it was more convenient to keep cattle in winter and milk the cows brought into the hut, and the role of the ceiling was performed by a gable log roof on males and hens (106; 15, 89); however, some researchers claim the presence of a ceiling and floor already in medieval dwellings (84; 33). The author of these lines, participating in the Smolensk archaeological expedition in 1964, himself saw the floors in the remains of a city shoemaker's hut in the layers of the 13th - 14th centuries; on one of these floors were found the first two birch bark letters in Smolensk.

In the canopy. Seeding flour

Windows, two or three (typical was a hut with three windows along the facade), were cut through in the front wall, opposite the entrance. There was a special meaning in this opposition of doors and windows. In a chicken hut that was heated “in a black way”, without a pipe, during the furnace, a door and a portage window were opened to create draft, so that a direct flow was created fresh air. The windows were divided into portage and oblique. The porthole window, small in size, was “clouded”, moved after the end of the firebox with a massive shutter. Sloping windows served to illuminate the dwelling. Jambs were inserted into them - wide thick bars beveled inside the hut, forming a rectangle, and a window frame was already fixed in the jambs. Devitrification in the old days was small, because glass was produced in a small size: the technology of glass production was extremely imperfect. However, window glass appeared rather late, and in ancient times, even in royal and boyar mansions, windows were “glazed” with thin plates of mica. The scientific name of mica is muscovite: allegedly, the foreigners who gave it this name first saw mica in large quantities in Muscovy, which received it from the Urals. Well, simpler people, including peasants, “glazed” windows with dried bull bladder or oiled parchment or paper, which was also not cheap. The windows could open, but they did not have shutters, and even in the 18th century. even in the royal palaces, the lower half of the frame rose up, sliding along the top. In chicken huts, of the three front windows, one, in the middle, was made portage, and two, along the edges, slanted. Sometimes another slanted window was made in the side wall, facing the entrance, so that visitors could be seen entering the courtyard.

For the winter, to save heat, the peasant's hut outside was wrapped up to half or more with straw, pressing it with poles. The windows were also half-covered with straw and boarded up. After all, the second frame - an expensive thing - appeared in the village rather late and not everywhere.

However, the source is a small, cramped dwelling, and peasant families were usually large, consisting of three generations. A hut with a prirub was a more spacious dwelling: an additional, smaller log house of three walls was attached to the hut. It housed a clean room, without a stove - a room; it was also called the svetlitsa, svetelka: there was no stove in it, which means that the walls were clean and bright from soot. In fact, the upper room is higher, that is, an elevated living space located at the top. So it was in ancient times in rich mansions. Gradually, chambers appeared in poor houses, including peasant ones, descending to the same level as the hut both in a social sense and topographically. In the wall of the hut, to which the prirub adjoined, a door was cut through to the chamber, which was heated by the heat coming from the hut from the stove. But in rich houses, when they began to lay brick ovens with a pipe, in the upper room for heating, a small stove could also be placed - a firebox, a coarse, or a small stove.

A hut with a cut was so called if the cut was smaller than the hut itself: for example, a two-window cut with a three-window hut. If the cut was equal in size to the hut, then it was already a twin hut.

The third type of dwelling is a communication hut. Simultaneously with the hut, right during construction, the log porch was cut, and they were followed by the cold half of the dwelling - the crate. In fact, a crate is any chopped log building, but in Russia this word was still used selectively, to an auxiliary extension, cold, mainly for storing property. The canopy did not have a ceiling and from them a ladder led to the attic, where they could store some household utensils, for example, a dismantled loom, dried onions. The entrance hall itself now had all four walls, in one of which a door to the porch was cut through. On the other hand, there were often no lower rims under the door and porch, so the floor of the passage looked like a platform and was called that - the bridge. Under the bridge they threw all sorts of household squabbles that could somehow still be needed on the farm: dried-up barrels, broken hoops, and the like. The porch adjoining the hallway could be open, and often had a roof. It is called a porch because it protrudes to the side, beyond the walls, like a bird's wing. Therefore, it would be more correct to write not “porch”, but “porch” - a wing, a wing.

In the cage, which did not have a stove, they kept the most valuable property, and the famous Russian chests stood here: how many inhabitants in the hut, so many chests for personal property. In the summer they usually slept here: it was hot in the hut, and flies and other uninvited inhabitants bothered. After all, the oven in the hut had to be heated in the summer - for cooking, baking bread. In the hut, especially near the stove, it was, to put it mildly, dirty, and fleas, cockroaches, and bedbugs start up from dirt and crowding. This living creature was not in the cage, because it froze in winter or went into a warm, cozy hut. So it was both calm and cool to sleep here.

It was in the presence of a crate in the communication hut that the lower room under the floor of the crate was, in fact, the basement. And the room under the floor of the hut itself was called a subhouse. In the basement with a low ceiling and an earthen floor, various property was stored, handicraftsmen could set up a workshop, and in winter small livestock were often kept here. In the podyzbitsa, stocks were stored for the winter: turnips, and then potatoes that replaced it, sauerkraut, carrots, radishes, beets. It was cool enough here so that the vegetables would not wither and rot, and at the same time warm enough from the upper room of the hut so that the stocks would not freeze in the cold.

The communication hut, of course, was more spacious than a simple hut, and even it could be built with a small cut, so large patriarchal families erected an intermediate version of their dwelling - a communication hut with a cut. This gave already three living quarters.

Further expansion of the dwelling was possible only by lengthening the walls, which means that it was necessary to rally, tie logs, which, as we know, violated the strength of the building. As a result, a five-wall house appeared: directly during construction, the internal transverse main wall was cut, dividing the building into two halves and giving it additional strength. Cohesive logs passed through this wall, firmly bonding to the entire structure. The five-walls could be built both with a prirub and in the form of a connection, expanding and expanding the premises. Then in the five-wall in front there was actually a hut with a Russian stove, behind the main wall - a room, but there could be another room in the priruba.

And finally, in the forest-rich regions of the Russian North and Siberia, special six-walls, or “cross houses” appeared: during construction, two intersecting capital walls were cut inside, dividing the building into four rooms. Now it was possible to tie the logs of all four outer walls: the strength did not suffer from this. In one of the rooms there could be a warm capital vestibule, but usually they were cut down along one of the walls in full length, blocking out closets for property in them. Then, in the very six-wall in the front room there was a kitchen with a Russian stove, behind it - a "hall" for receiving guests, and then - two bedrooms with heating. By the way, both five-walls and six-walls were no longer called a hut. It was exactly the house.

Since the hut is a heated dwelling, the stove turned out to be a necessary and indispensable attribute of it. Therefore, experts use another principle of the typology of the Russian peasant dwelling - by placing a stove in it.

The placement of the furnace was again dictated by climatic conditions. The eastern southern Russian type of planning, characteristic of the Voronezh, Tambov, and partly Tula and Oryol provinces, was distinguished by a stove located in the corner farthest from the entrance, a stove mouth to the entrance. In this case, the most important, red corner of the hut, located diagonally from the stove, was located near front door. The western South Russian type, characteristic of most of the Oryol and Kursk provinces and the south of Kaluga, was distinguished by the fact that the mouth of the furnace was turned towards the side wall. In the Western Russian provinces - Vitebsk, Pskov, partly in the Smolensk and southern districts of the Novgorod province, the stove was placed near the front door and was turned with its mouth towards it. On the other hand, with the northern-Central Russian layout, which covered most of the country's territory, the furnace turned with its mouth from the entrance. This is quite understandable. The hostess spent most of her time, especially in winter, near the mouth of the stove, where, as we shall see, there was the so-called woman's corner. With the front door constantly opening, the cold air from it would always cover the legs, and this threatened with a cold. Therefore, in warmer regions, the mouth of the stove turned towards the entrance, which was more convenient: nevertheless, firewood and water had to be brought here, slop and swill for cattle were taken out from here, and where it was colder, the hostess was covered from the cold air by the stove. In the Moscow region, one can still find huts with a stove turned with its forehead towards the entrance and its forehead away from it: the border of typological distribution passed here.