How to plan a summer cottage, garden plot? Layout of a suburban area - schemes for effective and competent zoning (99 photos) Placement of outbuildings.

The property was purchased a year ago. We're trying to make sense of everything. Tell me where and what is better to plant!

Tkachenko family, Yaroslavl

Responsible Valery Filatov, landscape designer:

In order to design a garden smartly, you need to start not with a planting plan, but with an analysis of the given conditions, as in solving a mathematical problem. Try to stick next order actions.

Determine how your site is located in relation to the cardinal points- this is necessary in order to correctly assess its illumination. Where is the allotment located: in an open field or under a forest canopy? See where the shadow will fall from the house, trees growing nearby, neighboring buildings (if any). Most fruit trees, berry bushes and vegetable plants for good growth and development requires a lot of sun.

Try to roll a sausage out of the damp earth. If it cracks, then there is excess sand in the soil. Can a sausage be rolled into a bagel without bursting? The soil is clayey. In the first case, clay additives will have to be introduced into the ground, in the second - sand. Drained peatlands suffer from high acidity. Check it with a special kit (sold in stores) and, if confirmed, add lime for autumn digging.

Find out how deep your site is. ground water whether there is a perch (seasonal accumulation of groundwater at a shallow depth). If they are located 2 m from the surface or less, most likely, you will have to abandon the orchard or carry out serious and costly work to drain the site.

Learn about local winds, try to evaluate how your site will be blown, especially in the cold season. Assess the terrain. After all, in the lowlands accumulates cold air, and the top of the hill is open to all winds, which is contraindicated in some heat-loving crops, such as cherries or apricots.

Soberly assess your own needs and opportunities- after all, the garden will require care, for which you may not have enough time and energy. Think about what berries, fruits and vegetables your family loves the most, what kind of crop you are able to process, where you plan to store it, etc. After that, make a list of crops and count the number of seedlings. Try to avoid landings made on the principle of "saw - liked - bought." As for placement on the site different cultures, then you need to try to better meet their needs. For example, fruit trees should be planted in well-lit and wind-sheltered places.

Preliminary plan

So far, on 6 acres we have only a house and a utility block. And I want flowers, a garden, a pond. Is it possible?

Elena Kuzmicheva, Togliatti

Responsible Alexander Sapelin, landscape designer:

Maybe. To do this, break the site into zones using the principle of functional planning.

Start with a list, which includes everything that you would like to have in the country: a garden, fruit trees, a recreation area with a gazebo, a rose garden, a pond, etc., etc. No general rules not here - after all, what suits one family is completely unacceptable for another ... Nobody but you knows how your household prefers to spend time and what they need for this. For example, members of your family like to take a steam bath, and then you can’t do without a bath, but they don’t eat meat, which means you don’t need a barbecue.

After that, schematically apply all positions on the site plan. Do not go into details: at this stage, it is only important what function this or that part of the garden will perform. Of course, a garden and an orchard should be placed depending on the terrain and the degree of illumination, but all other fragments can be placed only for your convenience. Let's say someone prefers to push the economic zone away, but someone is more comfortable when it is near the house. The main thing is that your plans do not contradict the standards of the garden partnership (if any). Otherwise, you are absolutely free.

But you can gradually implement the resulting scheme: first, for example, plant fruit trees, next year lay a flower garden or build a gazebo, etc.

Arranging and planning your summer cottage is not as difficult as it seems. In this article, we will analyze popular layouts, as well as consider ways to decorate a summer cottage in simple and original ways.

Gardening is great, but becoming just a "farm slave" all weekend is probably not the best. the best option. And this means that a country cottage, first of all, should become a place of rest, that is, it should have all the conditions necessary for this.

In a word, this publication is for those who put the meaning of turning a suburban area into a cozy corner of rest and relaxation in the request "cottage with their own hands". If you can correctly compose and practically implement own project, then it will become the pride of the whole family, since, most likely, each of its members will be able to come up with the design of their own corner. Thus, the dacha will be not only and not so much a place where you can grow an environmentally friendly crop, but the “magnet” that will attract all the thoughts and aspirations of the owners, impatiently waiting for the next weekend.

Video: interesting ideas for decorating a summer cottage

Zoning and designing a summer cottage is a rather exciting activity that is accessible to anyone with imagination. It is more difficult to bring all ideas to life. However, if the necessary construction work is carried out, and then the decoration of the entire territory, the result will not only please the master, but also surprise guests and neighbors. long years. Especially if you periodically replace some boring elements with new, even more original ones.

How to make a plan for a suburban area?

First you need to determine the places for planting fruit trees, berry bushes and the construction of greenhouses. For greenhouses, and it is desirable to have two of them 12-15 m 2 in size, you should choose the most illuminated place on the east or south side of the future home. The shadow from the house should not cover the greenhouses either in the morning or in the evening, but it is especially important to have good lighting in the morning.

A large amount of manure is brought into the greenhouses, so it is advisable to place them closer to the entrance to the site. There is also a compost pile here.

What additional considerations should be taken into account when planning a site?

For rational use small areas should be preliminarily allocate plots for fruit trees and shrubs, perennial vegetable crops, paths, recreation areas (with small architectural forms), flower garden, water tank, playgrounds.

Are there specific types of site planning?

More often used regular and landscape types. With a regular type of planning, straight lines predominate. The tracks are arranged perpendicular and parallel to each other. Fruit trees are planted in one line. Almost the entire area of ​​the site is occupied by beds, garden and outbuildings. Only small areas are left on the site to put benches for rest. Such a layout is done, as a rule, by people who are practical and have little time to work on the site. Part of the site, occupied by concrete paths and passages between ridges, covered with sand or sawdust, does not require time for maintenance.

landscape type provides for winding paths, a scattered, as if random, arrangement of trees, groups of bushes, reminiscent of a natural one in a forest or park. The landscape type involves gardening in small volumes - the so-called kitchen gardens with a set of green and herbs. Irregularities of the site (with regular planning - a negative phenomenon) for the landscape type of the site are of the greatest interest. In a lower place a reservoir is arranged, on a hill - an alpine hill. Interesting solutions in areas with slopes, especially southern ones, the construction of terraces, ladders, retaining walls.

Is it possible to combine different types of site organization?

In the nineties, they began to allocate landfills and fields of agricultural enterprises for summer cottages. The plots were from 800 to 1200 m 2 . The plots are leveled, with a fertile layer with a thickness of 5-6 to 10 cm, heavy loam and clayey soil composition. In such areas, the main task in the nineties was the cultivation of products, primarily vegetables, potatoes, and berries.

The large size of the plot allows you to allocate zones for fruit trees, shrubs, a large garden, a zone with flowers, ornamental plants, you can plant pines, cedars, chestnuts. Horticulture, located near cities, due to the high cost of housing, began to turn into residential villages.

On the site there is a bathhouse, a garage, utility rooms, greenhouses with electric heating. Some houses are built on the east or south side of the greenhouse. They began to dig quite large ponds - up to 30-40 m 2.

Site layout options

You became happy owner land plot. Congratulations! But do not rush to plant it with your favorite fruit crops, berries, build a fence. The development of the site must be carried out according to the popular saying - hurry slowly.

After the purchase, before the development of the site, you need to perform a large amount of work on documenting the property. After all, the contract of sale is only the initial stage of entry into the property.

Start of property development

It all starts with the registration of ownership. The purchased land must be "staken out", that is, documented. This is necessary so that a small 5 cm in one direction or another does not become a big headache in the future for you or your heirs. Therefore, do not rush to dig, plant, build on the site.

• First, with documents certifying the purchase of the site, you must contact the cadastral chamber for registration. Get a cadastral number for the purchased property.
• Don't save! Conduct a survey of the site, even if it was purchased from a previous owner with good neighbors, not claiming 10-20 cm of illegally occupied area. Conducting a survey procedure is necessary. The procedure will legally fix the boundaries and the area of ​​a summer cottage or land plot on the ground.
• Having received these 2 documents, you will independently build the site, that is, limit it contourally on the ground. To do this, you need to properly fence the area. site. FROM inside plot to score posts (without going beyond the boundary line) and temporarily stretch the wire or mesh netting.
• Inspect the fenced area, calculate the material possibilities of its development and arrangement. Consult with the family on how to conduct work: in parallel with the construction of housing and other household buildings with gardening and gardening, do everything on your own and only in extreme cases resort to outside help or turn to the help of builders, landscape designers, and agricultural workers.

Preliminary site planning

Parallel to documentation Start site planning. Do not hurry! First read the requirements for observing the boundaries of buildings and landings in relation to neighboring areas. In the construction zone, residential landings are located at a distance of 4-5 meters from neighbors or so that the maximum time the shadow from the house and other buildings remains on its own site. Trees along the perimeter of the site should be planted at a distance of 3 m, and berries 2 m from the neighboring land plot. Strawberries and garden plants 30-50 cm from the separating fence. When erecting a green hedge, it is necessary to select species that do not form numerous shoots on underground shoots so as not to clog the neighbor's site.

Mandatory zones

If you are new to questions landscape design, invite a specialist and listen to his advice. At independent planning highlight the mandatory zones on the general plan, taking into account the recommendations for observing the boundaries:

• economic,
• recreation area,
• garden berry,
• garden.

On the same plan, it is necessary to designate the routes of the general passage, water and sewer communications. The central, main entrance should be wide enough (to the garage, house), but not go far deep into the site, since you cannot use this land for other purposes.

On separate sheets of the plan-scheme (on a certain scale), plan the location of the zones, taking into account the occupied area. In the economic zone, mark the location of buildings (house or garden house garage, additional outbuildings (temporary change house), workshop, sanitary area, including a toilet, a bathhouse, and others). The development of the site begins with the economic zone. The sanitary corner is located no closer than 15-20 m from the housing so (in the absence of permanent sewer communications) that toilet and bath waste does not get to the neighbors (especially to garden plots).

Development of the economic zone

The primary tasks are the installation of a water supply system or an artesian and a sewerage system with the installation of a toilet. Arrange living conditions. You set up a tent or trailer, a temporary warehouse for building materials, tools, and other auxiliary installations. Then, having a construction plan, you begin to import building materials, dig a foundation, etc.

Development of the garden zone

On the next sheet of the plan, highlight the garden area. The garden, berry garden and vegetable garden can be located in a joint zone, broken in front of the buildings, on the side or behind, but the location of the plants should always go from north to south for better illumination. If all 3 types of crops are located one after another, then a garden is placed in the first section, whose low plants will not obscure the crops of the second plot (berry bushes), and they, in turn, will not create problems with lighting fruit crops. If the garden, berry garden and vegetable garden are planned to be located in separate parts of the site, then their placement in kind must comply with the following conditions:

• the plot for the garden and the berry garden should be located in an open sunny place with a high standing of groundwater. It is impossible to lay a garden in a lowland Cold air currents and excess water during spring floods will adversely affect crops,
• the garden plot should include a crop rotation with 5-11 crops, so that they get to their former place of cultivation no earlier than 3-5 years. The site must receive sufficient sunlight, be protected from drafts.

For the successful development of the orchard and berry zone, it is necessary to carefully consider which crops will be placed on the allocated site, and place them on the diagram with the designation of species and distance from each other. When placing crops on the diagram, please note that the distance between fruit crops should be at least 3-4 m (3 m for dwarf or columnar varieties), between shrubs 1.5-2.0 m. In the garden diary, write down the names of fruit and berry crops and brief description, and in the plan-scheme, indicate under the numbers their location on the site area.

The layout of the garden and the rules for laying a garden are discussed in detail in the articles, and others posted on the pages of the Botanichka website.

Soil preparation in the garden area

You have already decided on irrigation water and sewerage, the main communication wiring has been completed, the plan has been drawn up, you can proceed to the general layout of the garden plot in kind. The top layer of soil from construction sites is immediately taken out to the "soil islands", that is, to the places of future plantings marked on the plan.

Carry out a horizontal layout, level the brought soil over the field. If the area is virgin, plow or dig it up and give soil samples to the nearest laboratory for physical and chemical analysis. Having the result of the analysis, you can begin to improve the site.

• If the soil is acidic, then deoxidize.
• It is possible to reduce contamination different ways: using chemicals herbicides and without them. During the first year, by provocative watering, cultivation, cause increased reproduction of weeds and, by burying them, reduce the overall infestation (mainly by annual weeds).
• If the soil is depleted, increase the general background of fertility by applying manure, bird droppings, humus, humus, mineral fertilizers, sowing green manure in several periods. These works are necessary. Don't rush into planting vegetables. Sowing and planting should be carried out in prepared soil, otherwise (especially with rare visits) you will collect a huge crop of inseminated weeds.

Making a site fence

Construction and garden work. Completed water disposal, water and sewer communications. After the large building material (ceilings, etc.) has been delivered and placed, the construction of the fence can begin. The front part of the fence from the side of the entrance to the yard is better to build last.

Along the perimeter of the site, you can build a capital fence made of stone and other building materials and close it with an ornamental shrub. It is possible to plant a hedge around the perimeter from decorative-deciduous and decorative-flowering tall shrubs (barberry, action, sea buckthorn and other crops). Prickly intertwining shoots will not only serve as a decorative decoration of the site, but also protect against the penetration of uninvited guests. The entrance zone to the site is one of the last to be drawn up. It consists of a gate and a concrete platform, decorated on the sides with small architectural forms, lamps, decorative borders, arches.

Arrangement of a recreation area

The arrangement of the recreation area is started last. Its dimensions, decor, list of facilities depend on the purpose of the land:

• a family resting place, where the maximum amount of space is allocated for a green landscape with decorative plantings, flower beds, alpine slides, mixborders, sports and other facilities: sandboxes, a dollhouse, swings, gazebos, gymnastic walls, a swimming pool, a pond with fish and aquatic plants,
• place permanent residence families with the arrangement of all household amenities, a greenhouse, a winter garden or a greenhouse, receiving guests,
• an ordinary cottage with a domestic area in the form country house, garage and some other buildings. The main area in such a dacha is set aside for a vegetable garden area intended for growing environmentally friendly and anti-allergenic products used fresh and winter preparations. In this case, the recreation area is limited to a place for preparing exotic dishes (kebabs, barbecue) in the open air, a gazebo, a flower garden.

After arranging all the planned zones, regardless of the purpose of the land plot, it is necessary to equip working paths, on the sides of which to place narrow ribbons of flower beds or shrubs that do not lose their decorative effect after shearing. Decorate the site as a whole with ornamental plants located in different parts of the land.

When purchasing a previously developed site, the same zones are laid on the plan-schemes and a thorough inventory of building and living plantings is carried out in kind. A list of works, including the reconstruction of the backyard territory, is attached to each zone. At the same time, old, sick fruit trees subject to cutting.

In order for the stumps to collapse faster, several holes are drilled in the stump, filled with ammonium nitrate and covered with a water-permeable material. Ammonia fertilizer corrodes the wood in a short time and the remains of the stump are already easy to release from the ground. If the stump remains in the recreation area or on the lawn by the pond, you can cut down the middle (form a bowl), fill it with soil and plant flowering plants. Inconveniently located berry bushes, instead of cutting down, are transplanted to a new place. When developing the site, the planting of ornamental shrubs, trees, group plantations that give a unique individuality to the landowner is planted last.

Before each owner of a backyard, summer cottage or garden plot, the question arises of the correct placement of the garden on his site. The very word "correct" suggests that there are certain rules, norms or mandatory principles according to which the garden should be equipped. And some general principles, of course, can be distinguished - but precisely some. This is due to the huge variety of conditions in which the sites are located, and besides, the personal preferences of the owners are of no small importance.

At all should not blindly copy someone else's experience, especially if this is experience gained in another soil-climatic zone. But what about? What should beginner gardeners do?

Choosing a place for the garden

Under the garden allocate the sunniest place, without shading on the south side. Unlike the garden, which is located on the northern slope, it is preferable for the garden southern exposure. This is the case if the garden is only a garden. The garden plot is subject to certain requirements:

• high doses of fertilizers (both organic and mineral) are applied under vegetables;
• provide good air permeability to soils, for which baking powders are introduced in the form of straw cutting, straw manure, coarse-grained river sand;
• create optimal conditions for moistening, remove excess water through drainage or arrange watering with insufficient moisture;
• protect the site from the prevailing winds by planting ornamental or fruit trees on the windward side, but so that there is no shading - all vegetables are photophilous.

Recently it has become fashionable to arrange decorative vegetable garden. Here, vegetable crops also perform design functions, so they are already selected for their decorative qualities. But it's still exotic. If you are interested in the topic of an ornamental garden, read the articles on the principles of its organization from the list of recommended literature for the lesson.

It is undesirable to plant vegetables in the aisles of the garden, where there is shading, competition for water and nutrients, there is a danger of contamination of products with poisons used to protect the garden. Yes, and vegetables work best in open areas.

We place greenhouses and greenhouses

In protected ground, heat-loving vegetable crops are grown in small quantities: tomatoes, pepper, eggplant, cucumber, vegetable marrow. To obtain early greenery in insulated soil, they are sown as compactors salad, dill, parsley and other herbs. To meet the need for early vegetables usually enough for 4-5 plants of each culture.

The area under insulated soil is usually no more than 100 sq.m. But in areas with cool summers, growing heat-loving vegetables in the open field is problematic, and they are grown only under shelters. In this case, greenhouses are needed, and their area will already be higher - up to 300 sq.m and even more. Of course, it is better to grow unrelated crops separately, for example: cucumber with zucchini in one building, and tomatoes, peppers and eggplant in another. But if there are few plants, then it is difficult to implement, and not too necessary.

Dedicated to the features of growing vegetables in greenhouses next lesson- . There we will take a detailed look at all important nuances.

We build beds

Beds for individual crops (like greenhouses) are best placed with a long side from North to South- so the plants will be better lit during the day. The number of rows of plants in the beds is arbitrary.

Usually the beds are made rectangular shape. According to their device, they can be different. So, in the south they try to make them flush with the soil surface or even deepened, and in the center of the country and in the north - raised. The edges of the beds are usually not limited to the frame, but when arranging narrow ridges according to the Mittlider or warm steam beds, they arrange a frame of boards or flat slate, other materials.

Various ways ridge devices: recessed or raised, in a frame, and so on - it is better to master gradually. Read more about what beds are, how to build them, what are the advantages and disadvantages various options- Read the articles on the reading list for this lesson.

Under large plants (with a large bush) or creepers make wide distances between rows - from 40 to 90 cm, and between small plants, on the contrary, the aisles are reduced to 15 cm or even less. The largest row spacings require pumpkins and climbing squash- more than 1.5-2 m;

• wide aisles are needed for tomatoes, pepper, eggplant, bush squash, beans.
• narrow aisles - for beets, carrots, green crops.

Schemes for placing plants on the beds:

• roots- 6 cm between plants in a row and 10-15 cm between rows; it is also convenient to place most of green and aromatic plants;
• nightshade support will be required for each bush; place them according to the scheme 50 × 50 or 70 × 70 cm;
• early cabbage placed according to the scheme 40 × 40 cm;
• late cabbage- according to the scheme 50 × 70 cm;
• cucumber: when growing on a support, leave 25-30 cm between the bushes; when grown without a garter, 60-70 cm are left between plants, and row spacing is increased to 90-120 cm;
• bush type squash placed after 40 cm;
• climbing squash- after 70-120 cm.

Soil Requirements

Usually, beginners just need to fertilize in the fall:

• organic(manure, humus, composts from organic waste) at the rate of 60-100 kg per 100 sq.m;
• mineral complex where there is nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (azofoska, nitroammofoska, foskamid, autumn and others) - up to 5 kg per 100 sq.m.

Gives good results sowing perennial grasses(lucerne, clover, sainfoin) for 2-3 years and their plowing. Instead of perennial grasses, you can plow annual herbs as green manure. These can be mixtures based on barley or oats with vetch or peas. Before plowing the grass, it is necessary to grind and apply nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers on top at the rate of 1-2 kg per hundred square meters.

Compost - good organic fertilizer

Fertilization of individual vegetable crops has its own peculiarities. So, organic matter (manure, humus, compost) is added under cucumber, zucchini, late and middle cabbage, and only humus or well-decomposed compost is added under tomato, pepper, eggplant. Only mineral fertilizers are applied under onions and root crops, early cabbage.

Dedicated to fertilizers and top dressings separate lesson: . You can also find more information in the reading list for this lesson.

What is crop rotation, why is it needed and how to organize it

To avoid these negative consequences, scientists came up with crop rotation- scientifically substantiated alternation of cultures in time and territory. In small areas it is difficult to apply full-fledged crop rotations, here they are more often used fruit cycle- alternation over the years of some crops with others.

During fruit change, one group of crops changes to another in terms of nutritional requirements. It is better if, after the crops under which organics were introduced, there are crops that make good use of decomposed organics, and after them - crops with predominantly mineral nutrition.

For example, like this:

1. medium and late cabbage;
2. tomato;
3. carrot.

Or like this:

1. cucumber;
2. pepper, eggplant;
3. beet.

Details about the organization of crop rotation (fruit rotation) in the garden, favorable and negative combinations of crops, their correct alternation and other nuances are discussed. in one of the next lessons: .

Organization of watering in the garden

If a ground water are located closer than 60-70 cm from the surface, it is better to arrange their removal outside the site or in drainage well. In arid regions, it is necessary to take care of artificial irrigation, creating a supply of irrigation water on the site in containers or pools.

You can supply water to the vegetable plot with a hose, a stationary pipeline or using a system drip irrigation. It is better to choose a reinforced or corrugated hose that is kink resistant, lightweight polypropylene pipes, UV-resistant, non-pressure drip lines low pressure.

But with any method of irrigation, it is necessary to determine water quality. Here it is necessary to find out the degree of mineralization, the presence of toxic salts, the pH value. The analysis can be carried out in zonal scientific institutions according to agriculture or quality control laboratories drinking water.

If the water meets the requirements, then it can be safely used for irrigation, but if the water is excessively saline, or contains toxic salts, or is very hard, then it is better to collect and use rainwater, use filters (which is of course expensive) - in any case, use it less.

There is rule: the toxicity of water is the less pronounced, the higher the content of organic matter in the soil.

Determine landing time

When using insulated soil, it is important that the seedlings are not only of high quality, but also certain varieties and hybrids, capable of recouping as much as possible the cost of structures and films.

Vegetables can also be sown directly in open ground or plant seedlings. Green crops are usually sown first in the ground, followed by carrots, onions, beets, and then seedlings of heat-loving crops and cabbage are planted.

Selection of varieties- it's complicated. It is better to focus on the assortment recommended for a particular zone. There are many options and each has its pros and cons. We talked in detail about how to choose varieties of vegetables for your garden.

How to care for a vegetable garden

top dressing carried out to correct nutrition. It is better for them to use special brands of complex water-soluble fertilizers containing 5-7 trace elements. When applying fertilizers, the enclosed instructions are usually followed.

There is also a need for protection against pests, pathogens and weeds. The use of herbicides - means of weed control, in small areas is impractical. Still, they are not safe, and it is difficult not to damage the cultivated plants themselves. Manual weeding remain the most effective means of weed control.

Among plant protection products there are not only chemical, but also biological, and they should be given preference. But in the fight against dangerous diseases and pests, however, chemical protection should not be neglected. At the same time, it is necessary to strictly adhere to the regulations for the use of plant protection products, not to exceed the dose and not to shorten the waiting period - the time during which, after processing, it is impossible to work with plants and use products for food. This will be discussed in detail in one of the following lessons -.

Vegetable crops are divided into single collection and multi-collection. For multi-collection, continuous flowering and crop formation are characteristic. In crops such as tomato, pepper, eggplant, zucchini, cucumber, fruits are harvested as they reach removable maturity. Their yield increases with regular harvesting. Cabbage, root crops and onions are harvested once, when fully ripe. Many cultures practice a combination of periodic collections and one-time cleaning. In dill and lettuce, for example, you can first pick off part of the leaves, and at the end of the removable maturity, the whole plant.

Gardening is a fascinating business: as you master some issues, new, even more complex ones appear. This process is creative and akin to art.

home » hip » How to plan a summer cottage, garden plot? Layout of a suburban area - schemes for effective and competent zoning (99 photos) Placement of outbuildings.